• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1971

Recently successful induction of haploid plant by means of anther culture method has become a big topic among geneticists and plant breeders. The haploid plant can be used as a precious material for such basic researches as mutation or genetics. Once the haploid is obtained, production of homozygous plant is not a difficult problem. The method of producing homozygous plant can, also, be applied to the practical breeding works. When applied to the hybridization of self-fertilizing breeding period would be greatly shortened and in cross-fertilizing vegetables production of uniform hybrid seed would be very easily obtained. Last few years many scientists attempted anther cultures using various plant species, but it was successful only in several species. Unlike the other tissue cultures which use somatic organs or tissues as explants, anther culture seems to be very difficult because the plants or calli have to be induced from the haploid microspores or pollen grains. In the present experiment anther culture of fruit trees and ornamental shrubs of four genera and seven species was attemped. Anthers of Various stages ranging from tetrad and late microspore were cultured on the modified Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and kinetin as growth regulators. Handling of materials, sterilization, and other operations of culture were done by routine methods. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Calli were induced in the anthers of Forsythia Koreana Nak., Rhododendron mucronuratum Turcz., R. yedoense Max. var. Poukhanense Nak., and Prunus armeniaca L. var. ansu Max. No signs of callus were observed in Prunus persica Sieb. et Zucc. var. vurgaris Max., Pyrus ussuriensis var. macrostipes (Nak.), and Prunus salcina Lindley. 2. Calli were easily formed in any of the media with differing concentrations of auxins and kinetin. 3. In F. Koreana calli developed from anther surface and connective. Callus emerging out of anther locule was not observed. 4. Somatic calli arose from filament, connective, and inside of anther wall in R. mucronulatum. Many of the microspores accumulated starch grains. 5. The anther lobes located opposite the filament of R. yedoense turned easily to calli. This phenomenon was not observed in R. mucronulatum. Microspore embedded for a period in the medium became starch pollen. No callus was observed arising from microspore. 6. In P. armeniaca calli were not induced from somatic anther tissues. Instead, callus emerged out of anther locule rupturing the anther slit. Starch was not formed in the microspore. 7. In P. persica, Pyrus ussuriensis, and P. salcina, calli were not observed in the anthers examined more than 60 days after culture. Microspores of these species, however, were free of starch grains even after long period of subculture. 8. It was learned that somatic calli of the species examined arose usually from endothelium of anther wall, septum of two neighboring anther locules, parenchyma tissues of connectives, or anther lobes. 9. In the anther locule of P. armeniaca cultured long in medium, swollen microspores, polynucleate microspores, multicellular pollen grains, or callus mass were frequently observed, this indicating that the callus of this species was microspore-origin. 10. It was clarified that in P. armeniaca production of haploid plant by anther culture might be possible.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.535-548
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• 2016

Hanging paintings are used for special ceremonies in Buddhist temple. They are stored in special storage box called "Gwaebulgwae" which means storage box for a hanging painting. Studies regarding pigments, background fibers and textiles of hanging paintings are carried out with many data in the field of conservation science. However, there are only few studies for the axes of hanging paintings and storage boxes. In this study, species identification for wooden axes of hanging paintings and storage boxes from the Joseon dynasty are carried out. Hanging painting of Beopjusa temple, Magoksa temple, Sudeoksa temple, Gaeamsa temple, Sudosa temple, Bukjangsa temple, Dorimsa temple, Tongdosa temple and Daeryeonsa temple are selected. Sampling is carried out from the axes of hanging paintings and storage boxes. 81 samples are collected from hanging paintings and storage boxes. As a result, 51 hard pines of Pinus spp., 8 Tilia spp., 6 Juniperus spp., 5 soft pines of Pinus spp., 4 Tsuga spp., 3 Pseudotsuga spp., 2 Berchemia spp., 1 Pyrus spp., 1 Bambusoideae are identified. Tsuga spp. and Pseudotsuga spp. might be used in conservation and restoration works in modern times because those species do not naturally grow in Korea. Most hanging paintings and storage boxes are made of hard pine. Also, some of are made of Tilia spp., because it represents the symbol of Buddha. Some unique kinds of trees used for wooden sculpture are identified, such as Juniperus spp. and Berchemia spp. Authentic conservation and restoration works could be carried out with this data-base.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.365-380
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• 2009

Flora of vascular plants in mountains located at Wonju-si and Hoengseong-gun areas such as Chiak-san(1,288m), Taegi-san(1,261.4m), Obong-san(1,126.2m), Eungbong-san(1,094.9m), Eodab-san(789.4m), Deokgo-san(521.2m), Deokga-san(700.5m) and Seongji-bong(791m) was investigated from April, 2008 to May, 2009, and results from the previous researches in which voucher specimens had been presented from Balgyo-san(998.4m), Oeum-san(930.4m), Baekun-san(1,037.1m) and Chiak-san(1,288m) were included in the list of vascular plants from these areas. This investigations resulted in 804 taxa consisted of 680 species, 1 subspecies, 111 varieties, and 12 forms of 383 genera under 97 families, and totally in 973 taxa (21.14% of all vascular plants in Korea) of 818 species, 1 subspecies, 138 varieties and 16 forms of 418 genera under 105 families on addition of voucher specimens in the previous researches. Forests of the investigated areas were generally mixed of Pinus densiflora and deciduous trees. The areas with comparatively excellent vegetation were valley from Guryong-sa (temple) to Biro-bong (summit) via Seryeom-pokpo (fall) in Mt. Chiak-san, and Keunseong-gol (valley) and eastern slope from Taegibungyo-teo to Naksu-dae (fall) in Mt. Taegi-san. 10 families with abundantly collected species were Compositae, Graminae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Leguminosae, Cyperaceae, Liliaceae, Saxifragaceae, Umbelliferae and Labiatae in order, and they occuied 49.12% of all collected taxa. Endemic plants found in these areas were 38 taxa including Hanabusaya asiatica, Megaleranthis saniculifolia, and Pyrus ussuriensis var. diamantica, and rare and endangered ones were 24 taxa including Hanabusaya asiatica, Viola websteri, Viola diamantica, and Patrina saniculaefolia. Specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment were 88 taxa including 12 taxa of 5th degree such as Woodsia intermedia, Hanabusaya asiatica, Equisetum pratense, Iris koreana, Lilium cernum, Trillium tschonoskii, Magnolia kobus(cultivated), Gastrodia elata, Polypodium virginianum, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Megaleranthis saniculifolia and Viola websteri. 47 taxa of alien plants were found. As to 609 taxa (13.23% of all vascular plants in Korea) of useful plants, 334 taxa for the edible, 269 taxa for the medicinal, 127 taxa for the ornamental, 332 taxa for the forage, 3 taxa for the industrial raw material, 31 taxa for the timber and 13 taxa for the fiber were classified, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2004

Teliospores of two species of Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G.yamadae collected and identified from Juniperus chinensis, J.chinensis L.var.kaizuka. G.asiaticum was identified as the thick membraned (cell-walled) teliospores (avr 2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and thin membraned teliospores (avr 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), and the telia of G.asiaticum was bluntly conical shaped and occured on the leaves and branches of Chinese junipers. G.yamadae was identified as the thick membraned (cell-walled) teliospores (avr 2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and thin membraned teliospores (avr 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), and the telia of G. yamadae was gall or floral shaped and occured on the leaves and branches of Chinese junipers. Both of the telia of the two species of Gymnosporangium were occurred in a same tree of Juniperus chinensis L. var. kaizuka at the same time. But the dominant species is G. asiaticum. The more rainfall in the late of April (the season of forming basidiospore), the more rust diseases in Chaenomeles sinensis. C. sinensis, and Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta were infected by G. asiaticum (basidiospores) but Malus siebodii was not infected by G.asiaticum.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2015

We investigated mycophagous ladybird, Illeis koebelei from 12 species of plants infected with powdery mildew in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The pear tree, Pyrus ussuriensis var. macrostipes (Nakai), was most preferred by I. koebelei. This species was found from early July to early November in pear orchards. There was no entomophagous trace in the gut of I. koebelei without powdery mildew spores in a microscope. All stages except egg and pupa are obligate mycophagous, and the feeding potential is ranked as follows: fourth instar, adults, third instar, second instar, and first instar. Feeding amounts of each stage of I. koebelei were 45.6, 144.4, 372.2, 628.1, and $473.7mm^2$ of cucumber powdery mildew per day. Fourth instar larvae showed highest consumption of cucumber powdery mildew. Developmental periods of four larval instars and adults feeding cucumber powdery mildew were 1.2, 2.3, 2.3, 4.6, and 37.7 days, respectively, at $25^{\circ}C$. In this study, we could not determine the feeding potential of I. koebelei against the cucumber powdery mildew; therefore, and further studies are required to elucidate the potential of this species as a biological control agent, e.g., mass rearing, selection of low toxic chemical agents for Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and control techniques against powdery mildew in agro-ecosystems.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2017

The Hwasan wetland vegetation is observed at mountain basin (644~780 m a.s.l.) where had become a potential land for indigenous people since prehistoric period. We phytosociologically investigated old-growth alder (Alnus japonica) forests using the $Z\ddot{u}rich$-Montpellier School's method and analyzed their spatial distribution pattern by actual vegetation map. Species performance was determined by using coverage and r-NCD. Viburnum opulus var. calvescens-Alnus japonica community syntaxonomically belonging to the Alnetea japonicae was first described and composed of three subunits: Salix koreensis subcommunity, typical subcommunity, and Pyrus ussuriensis subcommunity. Present plant community was compared with vicariant syntaxa such as Molinia japonica-Alnus japonica community, Rhamno nipponicae-Alnetum japonicae, and Aceri-Salicetum koreensis. Hwasan's alder forest, an alluvial terrace vegetation type on valley fan in the montane zone, is evaluated as vegetation class [I], which is a sort of benchmark plant community potentially on mountain wetlands in southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Simultaneously we suggested an establishment of the national strategy for habitat conservation free from hydrologically radical transform due to military utilization.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.251-255
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• 2020

In 2019, the ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday, 1835), was firstly found on a pear tree in Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. From occurrence survey, we confirmed that S. phillyreae was occurred in seven cities, Busan, Changwon, Jinju, Gwangyang, Suncheon, Goheung, and Goseong. In addition, seven plants, such as Punica granatum, Pyrus pyrifolia, Cydonia oblonga, Prunus mume, Crataegus pinnatifida, Eriobotrya japonica, Photinia glabra, Pyracantha angustifolia, Lagerstroemia indica, and Malus prunifolia, were detected as hostplants. In this study, we present the first report of this species in Korea and describe the damage caused by S. phillyrease and its taxonomic information.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.196-205
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• 2018

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from metabolic reactions cause oxidative DNA damage, which results in oxidative tissue injury. Therefore, there is an increasing demand in the intake of high antioxidant sources in order to maintain a healthy environment in cells. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Malus domestica (apple), Pyrus communis L. (pear), Daucus carota L. (carrot), Brassica oleracea var. (broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage), and Raphanus sativus L. (radish) obtained from the local market. Since these are common fruits and vegetables that are widely consumed, we aimed to investigate their beneficial properties, placing particular emphasis on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The samples were processed via an indirect heating method and their properties were compared to their raw forms. Based on DPPH and ABTS assays, processed samples showed better antioxidant activities when compared to raw samples and processed pear samples exhibited the best antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activities of the samples were also investigated in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6) was assessed using RT-PCR. As expected, processed samples exhibited better iNOS inhibition when compared to their raw forms and processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited outstanding anti-inflammatory effects. The samples, up to 1 mg/mL concentration, did not exhibit cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells as demonstrated by cell viability assays. Altogether, processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory properties.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.690-696
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• 2015

We micropropagated pear (Pyrus species) using shoot tips and nodal explants from three pear genotypes. The ability to establish shoot tip cultures, proliferate shoots, induce rooting, and acclimatize the resulting plantlets are all elements of in vitro micropropagation. Shoots were induced from shoot tips on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with five different plant growth regulator combinations. The highest shoot formation rates were achieved for the three genotypes using MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/L N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA₃). The maximum shoot number and shoot length for the three cultivars were recorded with 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.2 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in multiplication medium using nodal explants produced from microshoots. Nodal explants with one or two axillary buds cultured for three weeks initiated roots on medium supplemented with various concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or/and IBA in half-strength MS medium for adventitious rooting. The highest rooting response was with the combination of 0.2 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L IBA. A combination of NAA and IBA resulted in a significant increase in the rooting ratio over NAA or IBA alone. In this medium, the root formation rate according to ranged from 68.9% for the BaeYun No. 3 genotype to 51.8% for the Hwanggeum genotype. We also investigated the influence of the concentration the polyamine phloroglucinol in rooting medium. For all three genotypes, the highest rooting ratio, longest root length, and greatest root number were observed in the treatments with 75-150 mg/L phloroglucinol. Most rooted plants were acclimatized successfully.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.144-154
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• 1995

The fruit color characteristics and persisting period of deciduous woody landscape plants were investigated through the field survey in Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The summary of the study results was as follows; The total fruit color persisting period was about 320 days from May 1, 1992 when Prunus mume was beginning of fruit coloring, to March 20, 1993 when the fruits of Platanus occidentalis and platanus X acerifolia were persisting. And the plants of fruit persisting period over 60 days after leaf falling were Vibumum erosum, Ilex serrata, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Platanus X acerifolia, Platanus occidentalis, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropupurea', Ligustrum obtusifolium. According to the KBS standard color number, 52.6% of of the fruit color were red, 18.9% yellow, 11.6% black, green 9.5%, white 2.1%, violet 1.1%, and red is followed black 4.2%. Evodia daniellii, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Ilex serrata, Ginkgo biloba, Lindera obtusiloba, and Lindera erythrocarpa should be planted male and female species together for fruits. We got the new information on the fruit color characteritics and persisting period of Malus 'Hopa', Malus 'Almey', Malus 'Pioneer X', Acer rubrum, Malus prunifolia, Pyrus serotina, Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea', Vibumum rhytidophyllum, Rosa spp. Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium angustifolium, Ilex verticillata 'Christmas Cheer', Magnolia stellata, Aronia arbutifolia, Sorbus alnifolia, Lonicera japonica var. aueroreticulta, and Ligustrum X vicaryi. And we need to introduce new cultivars of woody landscape plants including Malus spp, Berberis spp, Sorbus alnifolia yellow autumn leaf clone etc. for the better planting design. The fruit persisting period of woody landscape plants studied by fruit name was that sorosis 276 days, samara 155 days, legume 153 days, hip 133 days, pome was 124 days, drupe 92 days, berry 73 days, capsule 67 days, follicle 55 days and nut 52 days respectively.