• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2020

This study investigated the annual frequency and clothing type by extracting puff sleeves designs from overseas fashion collections from S/S and F/W 2017 to S/S and F/W 2019. Specifically, it analyzed production characteristics and pattern methods by the type of puff sleeve design, and found the following: In terms of the percentage of puff sleeves by season, S/S 2019 was the highest. Since Newtro, with a 1990s sensitivity, was the mainstream trend during the S/S 2019, power puff sleeves, a signature of the Newtro style, accounted for the greatest portion of this design feature. In terms of the type of clothes with puff sleeves, 'dress' (54.3%) was the highest, followed by 'shirts/blouse' (27.5%), 'jacket/coat' (12.5%), and 'padded coat/jacket' (5.7%). Specifically, puff sleeve patterns were found mostly in the 'dress' category, more than 47% every season, while the figures were more than 23%, 9.3%, and 2.6% in 'shirts/blouse', 'jacket/coat' and 'padded coat/jacket', respectively. In other words, puff sleeve designs were more common in 'dress' or 'shirts/blouse' than in a 'padded coat/jacket'. In general, the shoulder length is reduced to prevent the shoulders from looking broader because of puffs. In contrast, recent puff-sleeve styles differ from those introduced by modern fashion designers in that they have drop shoulders with puffs attached. Furthermore, as constructive and over-exaggerated sleeve patterns appeared, puffs were applied to diverse sleeve styles including mutton leg and Mameluke styles. The analysis results of this study will contribute to the development of the fashion industry through small quantity batch production pursuing unique styles and serve as the basis for further studies on the configuration methods of puff sleeves. This study will be used in various ways, including as educational material on sleeve patterns. Through the analysis of sleeve patterns, this study tries to provide basic data for planning the design of puff sleeves and helping to diversify the ladies' apparel market in the future.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.225-230
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• 1998

A comparative study of major brands of domestic and imported cigarettes saled in market has been conducted. The total amounts of total particulate matter(TPM), tar and nicotine delivered from cigarettes, as well as the amounts of tar, nicotine in puff by puff were determined in the mainstream smoke of 6 brands. In addition, the relative amounts of vapour phase in 3rd puff smoke were determined. Results showed that the amounts of TPM and tar delivered from domestic brands were similar to the imported brands and the amounts of total nicotine delivered from domestic brands were higher than those of imported brands. As the domestic cigarettes nicotine/tar(N/T X 100) ratio was 9.5-10.3, the imported one's was 5.6-8.1. However, the amounts of tar and nicotine in puff by puff for the domestic brands were lower than those of the imported cigarettes and the relative amounts of vapour phase in 3rd puff smoke for the domestic cigarettes were lower than those of the imported cigarettes.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences of visual effects by variations in the shoulder length and puff volume of the puff sleeve blouse. The stimuli are 21 samples: 3 variations of the shoulder length and 7 variations of the puff volume. The data has been obtained from 40 fashion design majors. The data has analyzed by Frequency, Factor Analysis, ANOVA, Scheffe's test and MCA method. The result of the study are as follows. The visual effects by the shoulder length and puff volume are composed of 4 factors : the width of the upper body, the shape of the breast part, the shape of the neck part and the shape of the upper arm. In these factors, the width of the upper body is estimated by most important factor. In view of the visual effects by variation of the shoulder length, the shorter shoulder length goes, the more positive visual image comes in the shape of the breast part. In comparison of the differences of visual effects by the 7 variations of puff volume, the arm looks thin and long when the puff volume goes enough and the breast part has a better visual assesment in case the puff volume goes poor. In the interaction effects between the shoulder length and puff volume, the shoulder length have significant differences in the shape of the breast part, the shape of the neck part and the shape of the upper arm and puff volume has significant difference in the width of the upper body.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences among visual images under variations in shoulder length and puff volume of the puff sleeve blouse. The stimuli are 21 samples: three variations of shoulder length and seven variations of puff volume. The data has been obtained from 40 fashion design majors, where they had been analyzed through frequency, factor analysis, ANOVA, Scheffe's test and MCA method. The results of the study are as the following: As a result, through factor analysis of the visual images according to the variation of shoulder point and puff volume, the following four factors had been identified. Factor 1 is the brightness from evaluation terms such as childish-precocious, cute-mature, bright-genteel, soft-hard, enlarged-reduced, particular-ordinary, interesting- uninteresting, etc. Factor 2 is the attractiveness from evaluation terms such as refine-rustic, stylish-dull, attractive-unattractive, modern-classic, urban-rural, cool-gloomy, spacious-tight. etc. Factor 3 is the comfortness from evaluation terms such as comfort-discomfort, intense-indistinct, etc. Factor 4 is the elegance from evaluation terms such as elegance-shallowness, womanish-manly, etc. These four factors were 66.7% of the total variables. Of the total variables, the first factor had been evaluated as brightness in 26.2%, attractive in 21.0%, comfortness in 11.1%, and elegance in 8.4%. From this study, the more puff volume and shorter shoulder length, the puff volume wrapped the shoulder naturally, thus making the shoulder look narrow, and giving a cute and bright image. However, by having less puff volume and excessively short shoulder length, the puff volume did not naturally wrap the shoulder, which gave an unnatural and unattractive feel.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2003

Puff pastry의 제조 공정에서 pastry 마가린 함량과 적층 수의 변화가 제품의 수분 함량, 굽기 손실, 부피, vapor action 등에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Pastry 마가린 함량이 90%로 동일하고 적층 수가 27결일 경우 $10.8{\pm}0.6%$의 수분 함량을 나타냈으며, 1024결일 경우 $16.7{\pm}0.3%$로 적층 수가 증가할수록 제품의 수분 함량은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 적층 수를 256결로 동일하게 하고 pastry마가린 함량이 50%일 경우는 $17.3{\pm}0.5%4로 나타났으며, 130%에서는 $7.5{\pm}0.2%$로 pastry 마가린 함량이 증가할수록 제품의 수분 함량은 감소하였다. Pastry 마가린 함량을 70%로 동일하게 했을 때 굽기 손실의 변화는 27결일 경우 $25.0{\pm}0.7%$로 나타났으며, 1024결일 경우엔 $18.8{\pm}0.6%$로 나타나 적층 수가 증가할수록 제품의 굽기 손실은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 적층 수를 27결로 동일하게 한 경우에서는 pastry 마가린 함량이 90%일 때 $25.4{\pm}0.4%4의 굽기 손실이 발생하였으며, 110%에서 $26.9{\pm}0.4%$로 굽기 손실이 가장 높게 나타났다. Pastry 마가린 함량이 130%이고 적층 수가 81결일 때에 $21.87{\pm}0.79\;ml/g$로 최대의 부피를 나타내었다. 또한 vapor action의 크기는 9-15 mm가 pastry 마가린 함량 110%, 적층 수 256결에서 $8.25{\pm}0.50$개로 가장 많이 나타났다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2014

안압의 측정은 각막에 air puff 후 각막의 변형 즉, 각막의 두께나 변위 등 생역학적 성질을 관찰함으로써 이루어진다. 본 논문에서는 녹내장이나 라식의 진단을 위하여 사용되는 안압계의 air puff에 의한 각막의 변형을 주파수 영역에서 분석하였다. Air puff 후 각막의 중심부 주변의 변위에 대한 진동 주파수를 측정함으로써 환자와 정상인을 구별한다. 동영상으로부터 이진 영상을 구하고, 상하 변위 데이터와 곡선 정합의 차를 구하여 시간에 따른 각막 상하 진동 프로파일 데이터를 추출하였다. Fourier 변환으로 비정상인의 진동 주파수는 479.2Hz를 얻었고 정상인의 경우 단단함으로 인하여 702.8Hz의 고주파 성분을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 Hilbert-Huang 변환의 EMD 방법을 이용, 고유 모드 함수로 분해하여 국소적, 비선형, 비정상성을 가지는 데이터를 얻고 주파수와 전력을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 특정 고유 모드 함수에 대한 환자와 정상인의 전력비가 6배 이상 차이가 나는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.12-20
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• 1999

The computations of the flowfield and pollutant dispersion over a flat plate and the Russian hills of various slopes are described. The Gaussian plume and the puff model have been used to calculate concentration of pollutant. The Reynolds-averaged unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with low Reynolds κ-ε model has been used to calculate the flowfield. The flow data of a flat plate and the Russian hills from Navier-Stokes equation solutions has been used as the input data for the puff model. The computational results of flowfield agree well with experimental results of both a flat plate and Russian hills. The concentration prediction by the Gaussian plume model and the Gaussian puff model also agrees flirty well with experiments.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.312-318
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• 2014

This study examined the correlation between a handle evaluation of cosmetic puff textile and a sensory evaluation. The KES-F system was used to analyze the main mechanical factors for the handle evaluation and a statistical method was used for the sensory evaluation. The results revealed different mechanical properties and handle values of the tested cosmetic puff textiles. A material type and structure of the cosmetic textile affected the handle property of the material which is the most important factor for a cosmetic purpose. Particularly, the physical properties of textile material are likely to be important factors for the sensory property of cosmetic material. In addition, the sensory evaluation also revealed different sensory characteristics of the cosmetic efficiency according to the cosmetic puff textile. No close relationship was observed between the mechanical properties and sensory evaluation on the cosmetic puff textiles. The sensory evaluation of a cosmetic efficiency is not only decided by the physical and mechanical characteristics of the cosmetic textile material. Overall, when using textiles used for the cosmetic purposes, it is important to consider not only the proper mechanical properties of the textiles but also the use and sensory satisfaction. Development and selection of the cosmetic textiles should be focused on both the material function and consumer satisfaction.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.935-940
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• 2002

Puff pastry의 제조 공정에서 pastry 마가린 함량과 적층 수의 변화가 puff pastry의 품질을 결정하는 색도 변화, 경도 변화, 저장중 경도 변화, 품질 평가 및 관능 검사에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 동일한 pastry 마가린 함량에서 적층 수가 증가할수록 껍질의 백색도 값의 변화는 다소 감소하였고 적색도 값은 70%, 81결에서 $16.8{\pm}2.3$으로, 황색도 값은 256결의 각 pastry 마가린 함량에서 26.0 내외의 높은 경향이었다. 그리고 속의 변화는 큰 차이가 없었다. 동일한 pastry 마가린 함량에서 경도는 110%, 144결에서 $839.6{\pm}75.6g$으로 가장 낮았다. 동일한 pastry 마가린 함량이 증가할수록 저장 기간에 따른 경도의 증가폭은 감소하는 경향이었다. pastry 마가린 함량이 70%에서는 256결의 제품을, 90% 함량에서는 144결과 256결의 제품을, 110%에서는 81결과 144결의 제품을 선택하여 관능검사를 한 결과는 90%, 144결이 맛과 식감에서 유의적인 차이가 1% 수준에서 우수하게 나타났다. 따라서 pastry 마가린 함량에 적절한 적층 수를 선택하는 것이 맛, 향, 식감이 양호한 제품을 제조하는데 중요하다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제42권10호
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• pp.891-896
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• 2009

준설 시 발생하는 부유물의 이송 확산 과정을 해석하기 위하여 퍼프모형을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 퍼프 모형은 추적방법에 따라 전방추적모형과 후방추적모형으로 나눌 수 있으며, 이 두 가지 추적방법은 계산효율과 수치 오차에 있어서 상이한 특성을 나타내었다. 경계처리에 있어서 입자추적모형과 상이한 방법을 사용하는 퍼프모형은 폐경계에서는 입자추적모형과 동일한 결과를 나타내지만 개경계에서는 다른 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 오염원이 임의의 공간적 분포를 갖는 경우, 퍼프모형은 입자추적모형보다는 적은 수의 퍼프를 사용할 수 있지만 이에 따른 경계면에서의 수치오차를 발생하였다. 흐름이 일정한 경우와 전단흐름의 경우에 대하여 이송 확산 수치모의를 수행하였으며, 이를 각각의 경우의 해석해 결과와 비교 분석하였다. 후방추적 퍼프모형은 전방추적 퍼프모형에 비하여 사용된 퍼프수와 관계없이 작은 오차를 발생하였으며, 전체적으로 퍼프모형이 입자모형보다는 훨씬 적은 수의 계산을 통해서도 작은 오차를 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 Gaussian 분포를 갖는 퍼프모형은 전단흐름에서의 긴 유선형 농도분포를 모의할 수 없었고, 이에 관한 오차는 전단계수가 증가함에 따라 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 이와 같이 퍼프모형은 다양한 수환경에 적용할 경우, 뛰어난 효율성에 비해 정확도가 다소 감소하는 경향이 있지만, 입자추적모형과의 연계 모의 등을 통해 준설지점 인근의 근역에서의 오염원 해석에 사용될 수 있다.