• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2008

The present study represents the screening of the protective effects of herbal methanolic extracts from Baekdu mountain against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Tacrine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, administration of tacrine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease results in a reversible hepatotoxicity in 30-50% of patients, consequently limiting clinical use. Therefore, studies for natural products with protective effect on the tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity would be valuable as providing potential therapeutic use. 109 plant sources were collected in Baekdu mountain, and extracted with methanol. These extracts had been screened the protective effects against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells at the 100 and 300 ${\mu}g/ml$. Of these, ten methanolic extracts, roots of Ampelosis japonica, aerial parts of Berberis amurensis, aerial parts of Sedum aizoon, aerial parts of Lespedeza tomentosa, aerial parts of Lespedeza juncea, aerial parts of Hypenricum ascyron, stem barks of Syringa reticulata, fruits of Gleditsia japonica, aerial parts of Chamaenerion angustifolium, branches of Ginkgo biloba, showed significant protective effects against tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.544-549
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• 2012

To examine the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside R0, we investigated the effects of ginsenoside R0 in PC12 cells under an anoxic or oxidative environment with Edaravone as a control. PC12 neuroendocrine cells were used as a model target. Anoxic damage or oxidative damage in PC12 cells were induced by adding sodium dithionite or hydrogen peroxide respectively in cultured medium. Survival ratios of different groups were detected by an AlamarBlue assay. At the same time, the apoptosis of PC12 cells were determined with flow cytometry. The putative neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside R0 is thought to be exerted through enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutases (SOD). The activity of SOD and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), were measured to evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of ginsenoside R0. Ginsenoside R0 treated cells had a higher SOD activity, lower MDA level and lower ROS, and their survival ratio was higher with a lower apoptosis rate. It is suggested that ginsenoside R0 has a protective effect in the cultured PC12 cells, and the protection efficiency is higher than Edaravone. The protective mechanisms of these two are different. The prevent ability of ginsenoside R0 is higher than its repair ability in neuroprotection in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.369-379
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• 2019

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with age, and amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) is known to cause Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of Cirsium japonicum var. maackii extract and its fractions against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity in C6 glial cells. The cells treated with $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ showed a decrease in cell viability and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared with the non-treated cells. However, the cells treated with the C. japonicum var. maackii extract and its fractions increased the cell viability and inhibited the $A{\beta}$-induced ROS production. These results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of C. japonicum var. maackii against $A{\beta}$. To further examine the protective mechanism, we measured inflammation and apoptosis related protein expressions. The cells treated with extract and fractions from C. japonicum var. maackii down-regulated inflammatory related proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, and IL-6, and attenuated apoptosis related proteins including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) associated X protein/Bcl-2 ratio. In particular, the ethanol and ethylacetate fraction exhibited higher inhibitory effect against ROS production and apoptosis-related protein expressions among the extract and the other fractions. Therefore, this study demonstrated the protective effects of C. japonicum var. maackii extract and its fractions against $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity in C6 glial cells through the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, suggesting that it might have potential as a therapeutic for AD.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.485-494
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• 2020

Background and objective: Juvenile crimes tend to intensify and become habitual in South Korea and juvenile delinquencies must be corrected during adolescence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a forest therapy program on the self-esteem and resilience of juveniles under protective detention. Methods: We designed the forest therapy program titled "A Dreamy Child, One More Forest!" for one night and two days and a total of 122 juveniles under protective detention participated in the program. Self-esteem scale (SES) and resilience scale for adolescents (RSA) were used and the collected data were analyzed using frequency analysis and T-test. Results: Most of the participants were male (96.7%), and the number of those aged 17 years was highest (35, 28.7%). The number of those enrolled in middle and high school was 69 (56.0%) and that of those who dropped out was 39 (31.9%). Their self-esteem significantly increased from 3.102 before participation to 3.636 (p < .001) after participation in the forest therapy program. Resilience also increased remarkably from 2.950 before participation to 3.829 (p < .001) after participation, showing positive changes after participation in both cases. Conclusion: The results indicated the forest therapy program could enhance the self-esteem of juveniles under protective detention, provide them with an opportunity for developing their inner positive power and reinforcomg resilience, helping them return to society in a healthy state. Further research needs to be conducted on how the effects over the program period will differ from one another and how long the positive effects will last.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.54-54
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• 2023

Nypa fruticans Wurmb (N. fruticans) is a plant that belongs to Araceae and N. fruticans is mainly found in tropical mangrove systems. The parts (leaves, stems, and roots) of N. fruticans are traditionally used for asthma, sore throat, and liver disease. N. fruticans contains flavonoids and polyphenols, which are substances that have inhibitory effects on cancer and oxidant. In previous studies, some pharmaceutical effects of N. fruticans on melanogenesis and inflammation have been reported. The present study is conducted to investigate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of N. fruticans (ENF) on oxidative DNA damage and UVB-induced DNA damage. DNA damage response (DDR) pathway is important in research on cancer, apoptosis, and so on. DDR pathways are considered a crucial factor affecting the alleviation of cellular damage. ENF could reduce oxidative DNA damage derived from reactive oxygen species by the Fenton reaction. Also, ENF reduced the intensity of intracellular ROS in the live cell image by DCFDA assay. UVB is known to cause skin and cellular damage, then finally contribute to causing the formation of tumors. As for the strategies of reducing DNA damage by UVB, inhibition of p53, H2AX, and Chk2 can be important indexes to protect the human body from DNA damage. As a result of confirming the protective effect of ENF for UVB damage, MMPs significantly decreased, and the expression of apoptosis-related factors tended to decrease. In conclusion, ENF can provide protective effects against double-stranded DNA break (DSB) caused by oxidative DNA damage and UVB-induced DNA damage. These results are considered to be closely related to the protective effect against radicals based on catechin, epicatechin, and isoquercitrin contained in ENF. Based on these results, it is thought that additional mechanism studies for inhibiting cell damage are needed.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.89-96
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• 2021

This study analyzed the physical changes in 119 paramedics transporting equipment at the emergency site and performing post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation through experiments. First, the average heart rate increased by about 25 times comparing CPR was performed without physical load and with personal protective equipment after moving equipment. In the third quartile, it increased to about 27 times. Second, when CPR was performed without physical load, and CPR was performed after moving the equipment with personal protective equipment, both the body temperature was raised and the rising body temperature was measured within normal body temperature. Third, the change in respiration rate increased by 7 times on average comparing CPR was performed without physical load and CPR was performed after moving the equipment while wearing personal protective equipment. In the third quartile, it increased to about 11 times. Finally, the change in blood pressure increased by 26.6 mmHg on average comparing CPR was performed without physical load and with wearing personal protective equipment after moving the equipment, and increased by 31.2 mmHg on average in the third quartile.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.167-180
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• 2022

A strategic structure when exposed to direct hit of conventional bomb/projectile are severely damaged because of large amounts of energy released by the impact and penetration of bomb. When massive concrete slabs suffer a direct hit, the energy released during impact and penetration process are able to easily break up large mass of concrete. When over stressed under such impact of bombs, the concrete structure fails showing brittle behavioural nature. This paper is intended to study and suggest the protective measures for structures used for strategic application by adopting a means to dissipate the large quantum of energy released. To quantitatively evaluate the force, displacement and energy in such scenario, a fine numerical model of the proposed layered structure of different combinations was built in ANSYS programme in which tri-nitrotoluene (TNT) explosive was detonated at penetration depth calculated for GP1000 Lbs bomb. The distinct blast mitigation effect of the proposed structure was demonstrated by adopting various layers/barriers created as protective measures for the strategic structure. The calculated result shows that the blast effect on the structure is potentially reduced due to provision of buster slab with sand cushioning provided as protective measure to the main structure. This concept of layered protective measures may be adopted for safeguarding strategic structures such as Domes, Tunnels and Underground Structures.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2023

Objectives: Adolescents are at risk of suicide. As suicide is a multifactorial process, risk and protective factors are relevant constructs for suicide prediction. This study explored the effects of risk and protective factors on suicidal ideation in adolescents on the island of São Miguel (Azores). Methods: A sample of 750 adolescents (male: n=358; 47.7%; mean age=14.67 years; standard deviation=1.85 years) from the island of São Miguel (Azores) completed several measures related to suicidal ideation and associated factors. Using a cross-sectional design, this study conducted descriptive, correlational, predictive, mediation, and moderation analyses. Results: Adolescents generally displayed high levels of risk and protective factors; an indicative proportion exhibited significant suicidal ideation with females presenting the greatest vulnerability. Furthermore, the results highlight that depression is the best predictor of suicidal ideation, however, the association between these variables is mediated. Conclusion: The data corroborate that the suicidal reality of adolescents in the Autonomous Region of the Azores is worrisome. Having substantiated the complexity of the suicidal context in young people in the present research, the need to continue studying risk/protective factors in this area is supported.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.309-320
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• 2001

Objectives : This study was done to investigate the protective effects of Samgiinjin-tang on liver injury of rats induced by CCI4 and d-galactosamine. Methods: All animals were divided into .5 groups, those were normal group(untreated), control group(treated with 0.9% Saline solution), sample I group(2,250mg/kg administrated), sample II group(4,500mg/kg administrated), Silymarin 200mg/kg administrated group. Liver injury of rats were induced by CCI4 and d-galactosamine, and then the serum transaminases(ALT&AST) alkaline phosphatase(ALP), lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) for enzyme activities, liver weight, lipid peroxidation and catalase, glutathione S-transferase(GST) for enzyme activities were measured. Results : The inhibitory effects on the serum ALT, AST activities in liver injury of rats induced by CCI4 were noted in both sample I and sample II group. The inhibitory effects on the serum ALP, LDH activities and the Lipid peroxidation of Mitochondria & Cytosol were noted in only sample II group. The decreased effects on the GST activities of Homogenate & Cytosol were inhibited in both sample I and sample II groups. The decreased effects on the GST activities of Mitochondria & Microsome were inhibited in sample II group. The inhibitory effects of the serum ALT, AST, LDH activities in liver injury of rats induced by d-galactosamine were noted in both sample I and sample II groups. In serum AST activities, sample II group. Conclusions : Samgiinjin-tang has protective effects against liver injury of rats induced by CCI4 and d-galactosamine. So it is required to study about the actions of mutual relation of medicines and patho-mechanism by experiment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2000

Control effects of phosphorous acid were investigated on three diseases. For Phytophthora blight of red pepper, protective and curative effects of phosphorous acid at the concentration of $1,408{\mu}g$ a. i./mL were 91.0% and 80.0%, respectively. In case of late blight of tomato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, protective and curative effects were 63.4% and 13.0% at the same concentration, respectively. However, the protective and curative effects of phosphorous acid increased by decreasing inoculum density of Phytophthora infestans. The protective effects of phosphorous acid on control of Phytophthora blight of red pepper was persisted for 4 days with high control efficacy (94.0%). The protective and curative effects of phosphorous acid ($1,408{\mu}g$ a. i./mL) on cucumber downy mildew were 82.0% and 62.0% respectively. The foliar application of phosphorous acid also promoted shoot growth and fresh weight of red pepper.