• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권7호
• /
• pp.1157-1168
• /
• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different amounts of wheat bran (WB) inclusion and postbiotics form by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and phytase co-fermented wheat bran (FWB) on the growth performance and health status of broilers. Methods: Study randomly allocated a total of 300 male broilers to a control and 4 treatment groups (5% WB, 5% FWB, 10% WB, and 10% FWB inclusion, respectively) with each pen having 20 broilers and 3 pens per treatment. Results: The WB does not contain enzymes, but there are 152.8, 549.2, 289.5, and 147.1 U/g dry matter xylanase, protease, cellulase and β-glucanase in FWB, respectively. Furthermore, FWB can decrease nitric oxide release of lipopolysaccharide stimulated chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells by about two times. Results show that 10% FWB inclusion had significantly the highest weight gain (WG) at 1 to 21 d; 5% FWB had the lowest feed conversion rate at 22 to 35 d; 10% WB and 10% FWB inclusion have the highest villus height and Lactobacillus spp. number in caecum; and both 5% and 10% FWB can increase ash content in femurs. Compared to control group, all treatments increase mucin 2, and tight junction (TJ), such as occludin, claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, and mRNA expression in ileum by at least 5 folds. In chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase-1 mRNA expression decreases from 2 to 5 times, and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit mRNA expression also increases in all treatment groups compared to control group. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-κB, and IL-1β, decreases in 5% and 10% FWB groups compared to control group. Conclusion: To summarize, both WB and FWB inclusion in broilers diets increase TJ mRNA expression and anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, but up to 10% FWB groups have better WG in different stages of broiler development.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제82권1호
• /
• pp.121-131
• /
• 2022

The main goal of this study is to prepare a program for analyzing High Strength Steel Fibrous Reinforced Concrete (HSSFRC) slabs and predict the response and strength of the slab instead of preparing a prototype and testing it in the laboratory. For this purpose, new equations are proposed to represent the material properties of High Strength Steel Fibrous Reinforced Concrete. The proposed equations obtained from performing regression analysis on many experimental results using statistical programs. The finite element method is adopted for non-linear analysis of the slabs. The eight-node "Serendipity element" (3 DoF) is chosen to represent the concrete. The layered approach is adopted for concrete elements and the steel reinforcement is represented by a smeared layer. The compression properties of the concrete are modeled by a work hardening plasticity approach and the yield condition is determined depending on the first two stress invariants. A tensile strength criterion is adopted in order to estimate the cracks propagation. many experimental results for testing slabs are compared with the numerical results of the present study and a good agreement is achieved regarding load-deflection curves and crack pattern. The response of the load deflection curve is slightly stiff at the beginning because the creep effect is not considered in this study and for assuming perfect bond between the steel reinforcement and the concrete, however, a great agreement is achieved between the ultimate load from the present study and experimental results. For the models of the tension stiffening and cracked shear modulus, the value of Bg and Bt (Where Bg and Bt are the curvature factor for the cracked shear modulus and tension stiffening models respectively) equal to 0.005 give good results compared with experimental result.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.259-263
• /
• 2023

This study investigated the open hole tensile (OHT) properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites and compared them to bolt joint tensile (BJT) properties. The net nominal modulus and strength (1376 MPa) were found to be higher than the gross nominal strength (1041 MPa), likely due to increasing hole size. The OHT and BJT specimens exhibited similar stiffness, as expected without bolt rotation causing secondary bending. OHT specimens experienced a sharp drop in stress indicating unstable crack propagation, delamination, and catastrophic failure. BJT specimens failed through shear out on the bolt side and bearing failure on the nut side, involving fiber kinking, matrix splitting, and delamination, resulting in lower strength compared to OHT specimens. The strength retention of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with open holes was 66%. Delamination initiation at the hole's edge caused a reduction in the stress concentration factor. Filling the hole with a bolt suppressed this relieving mechanism, leading to lower strength in BJT specimens compared to OHT specimens. Bolt joint efficiency was calculated as 15%. The reduction in strength in bolted joints was attributed to fiber-matrix splitting and delamination, aligning with Hart Smith's bolted joint efficiency diagram. These findings contribute to materials selection and structural reliability estimation for carbon fiber/epoxy composites. They highlight the behavior of open hole and bolt joint configurations under tensile loading, providing valuable insights for engineering applications.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.118-131
• /
• 1995

수중폭발을 받게 되는 해군 함정이나 충격하중을 받게 되는 초고속선의 구조에 대한 내충격 파손해석을 거시해석(global or macro analysis)과 미시해석(fine or micro analysis)의 두 단계로 나누어 수행하였다. 거시해석은 이중근사기법(DAA : Doubly Asymptotic Approximation)을 이용하였다. 심한 충격하중을 받는 구조는 주로 세 가지 파괴모드를 나타내는데 이는 충격후기에 주로 나타나는 동소성좌굴(Dynamic plastic buckling)에 기인하는 소성대변형과 충격초기에 주로 나타나는 인장 파괴(Tensile tearing failure)와 횡전단파괴(Transverse shear failure)가 있다. 본 논문의 미시해석에서는 잠수구조의 종보강재에 충격압력이 가해진 경우에 대하여 응력파(stress wave)의 파급과 이 응력파와 균열과의 상호작용에 의한 동적응력강도계수 $K_I(t)$의 계산함으로써 인장 파괴모드(Tensile tearing failure mode)해석을 수행하였다. 특히, 동적응력강도계수 $K_I(t)$의 계산에 있어서 실험적 방법으로 널리 사용되는 shadow optical method of caustic로부터 개발된 numerical caustic method를 사용하였다. 본 논문의 충격파손해석 수치 예로서 해석모델을 완전잠수주상체로 잡고 거시해석을 수행한 후 이로부터 구한 충격압력을 입력자료로 하여 종보강재에 대하여 미시해석을 수행하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.773-782
• /
• 2002

본 연구에서는 향후 사용빈도가 증가할 것으로 예상되는 SM570, POSTEN60 및 POSTEN80 강재를 대상으로 용접선 방향이 피로균열성장속도에 미치는 영향, 용접방법 및 강도등급에 따른 피로균열성장특성, 그리고 각 재질별(모재부, 열영향부, 용접금속부) 피로균열 성장특성을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해서 CT시험편을 제작해서 일련의 피로시험을 실시하였다. 피로시험결과 노치가 용접선과 평행한 시험체의 경우 노치선단에 존재하는 압축잔류응력의 영향으로 노치가 용접선과 직각인 시험체의 경우보다 피로균열성장속도의 지연현상이 현저해지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 용접 방법에 따른 피로균열성장특성은 강재의 강도등급에 관계없이 FCAW가 SAW에 비해서 피로균열성장속도의 분산이 적게 나타나고 있으며, 또한 높은 응력확대계수범위 영역에서 피로균열성장속도의 수렴현상이 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한편 본 피로시험결과와 기존의 연구결과를 비교하면 피로균열성장영역에서의 피로균열성장속도는 유사한 경향을 나타내고 있으므로 본 연구에서 대상으로 한 강재는 피로안전성을 충분히 확보하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.33-39
• /
• 2000

낮은 형상요소를 갖는 표면탄성파 대역통과 필터의 주파수 특성을 구현하기 위하여 35° Y-cut Quartz 표면에 빗살무늬 변환기를 형성시켜 모의실험을 수행하였으며, 전극재료로는 Al을 이용하였다. 이 모의실험에서 얻은 조건들로부터 필터를 설계하였으며, 필터의 입력단에는 apodization weighted형 빗살무늬 변환기를 이용하고, 출력단에는 withdrawal weighted형 빗살무늬 변환기로 필터를 구성하였다. 또한, 입·출력 빗살무늬 변환기의 전극 수는 리플의 영향을 최소화하기 위해 Kaiser-Bessel 창함수를 이용하였으며, 각각 2200쌍과 1000쌍으로 하였다. 그리고, 빗살무늬 변환기 전극의 폭은 6㎛, 간격은 5.75㎛ 및 두께는 표면탄성파 파장과의 비를 고려해 6000Å으로 할 때 최적의 결과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 구경은 임피던스 정합을 위해 2mm로 하였다. 제작한 표면탄성파 대역통과 필터의 중심주파수는 70MHz, 형상요소는 1.3이하, 1.5dB에서의 통과 대역은 1.3MHz, 저지대역은 -45dB, 삽입손실은 19dB, 통과 대역폭 내의 리플은 1dB정도로 측정되었다. 따라서, 제작한 필터의 주파수 응답과 특성은 설계조건과 잘 일치하였다.

• 대한지하수환경학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 1999

토립자 표면에서의 흡착에 의한 토양에서의 탄화수소계 화합물의 지연효과는 잘 알려진 현상이다. 본 연구에서는 배치시험과 주상시험을 수행함으로써 사질토양에서 Benzene의 이동성에 대한 지연효과를 조사하였다. 배치시험을 위하여 토양시료와 다양한 초기농도의 Benzene 용액을 48시간 반응시켰고. 초기용액과 평행상태의 Benzene 용액의 농도를 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. 주상시험은 파괴곡선으로 알려진 시간에 따른 용액의 농도를 측정함으로써 수행되었다. 추적자로는 10 g/L 농도의 KCI과 0.88 g/L의 Benzene 용액을 사용하였고 .각각의 용액을 토양시료의 상부경계면에 순간주입한 후 정상류 상태에서 배출구로 빠져나온 용탈수의 농도를 EC-meter와 HPLC를 이용하여 측정하였다. 배치시험의 결과로부터 linear adsorption isotherm에 의한 분배계수가 측정되었고 주상시험 조건의 용적밀도 및 함수율을 고려한 지연계수가 산정되었다. 주상시험의 결과 i) Benzene의 첨두농도는 KCl 첨두농도보다 상당히 낮았으나. ⅱ) 첨도농도의 도달시간은 거의 일치하였다. 첨두농도의 도달시간이 일치한다는 결과는 지연효과가 일어나지 않았다는 것을 지시하며, 배치시험의 결과로부터 산정된 지연계수를 고려하여 예측된 파과곡선은 Benzene의 주상시험 결과와 일치하지 않았다. Benzene 농도의 뚜렷한 감소를 설명할 수 있는 유일한 방법은 convection-dispersion equation(CDE) 모델에서 비가역 흡착에 의한 농도의 절대적 감소를 고려하는 감쇄계수(decay or sink coefficient)를 적용해야 하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.457-465
• /
• 2017

The Taiwanese liquid crystal display (LCD) industry has traditionally produced a huge amount of waste glass that is placed in landfills. Waste glass recycling can reduce the material costs of concrete and promote sustainable environmental protection activities. Concrete is always utilized as structural material; thus, the concrete compressive strength with a variety of mixtures must be studied using predictive models to achieve more precise results. To create an efficient waste LCD glass concrete (WLGC) design proportion, the related studies utilized a multivariable regression analysis to develop a compressive strength waste LCD glass concrete equation. The mix design proportion for waste LCD glass and the compressive strength relationship is complex and nonlinear. This results in a prediction weakness for the multivariable regression model during the initial growing phase of the compressive strength of waste LCD glass concrete. Thus, the R ratio for the predictive multivariable regression model is 0.96. Neural networks (NN) have a superior ability to handle nonlinear relationships between multiple variables by incorporating supervised learning. This study developed a multivariable prediction model for the determination of waste LCD glass concrete compressive strength by analyzing a series of laboratory test results and utilizing a neural network algorithm that was obtained in a related prior study. The current study also trained the prediction model for the compressive strength of waste LCD glass by calculating the effects of several types of factor combinations, such as the different number of input variables and the relevant filter for input variables. These types of factor combinations have been adjusted to enhance the predictive ability based on the training mechanism of the NN and the characteristics of waste LCD glass concrete. The selection priority of the input variable strategy is that evaluating relevance is better than adding dimensions for the NN prediction of the compressive strength of WLGC. The prediction ability of the model is examined using test results from the same data pool. The R ratio was determined to be approximately 0.996. Using the appropriate input variables from neural networks, the model validation results indicated that the model prediction attains greater accuracy than the multivariable regression model during the initial growing phase of compressive strength. Therefore, the neural-based predictive model for compressive strength promotes the application of waste LCD glass concrete.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.9-23
• /
• 1997

일차원 2층 성충류에 대한 음해 유한차분법을 이용한 수치실험 연구를 실시하였다 수치방법에 대한 기본 테스트와 함께 수질실험 자료가 있는 교환류에 대한 모델결과의 검증을 실시하였다. 다양한 충간 및 해저마찰계수와 수치계산의 시간 가중인자, smoothing 인자에 대한 모델 반응 결과를 제시한다. 아울러 2층 모델을, 성충이 되어 있고 해저면 기울기가 급격한 조건에서 내부파의 발생과 전파 특성에 대한 연구에 응용하였다. 하류부 경계의 1개 층 혹은 2개 층을 방사조건으로 처리했을 때, 하류부를 통해 내부파가 잘 전파되어, 방사파 조건의 성충류 모델링에의 적용성을 확인하였다. 또한 하류부의 저층두께가 두꺼울수록 내부파가 하류부 경계를 통해 활발히 전파해 가는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 충간의 내부파 위치에너지는 상충의 두께가 일정한 경우, 하층의 두께에 좌우될 것임을 암시한다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권12호
• /
• pp.1892-1903
• /
• 2022

Objective: A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Methods: Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBM_B), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBM_L). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBM_B+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBM_B+L, FSBM_B, and FSBM_L). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: Compared to SBM, FSBM_B+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBM_B+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBM_B group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBM_B+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.