• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2009

Purpose : Febrile convulsions are classified into simple or complex types, the latter being characterized by increased risk of recurrence and progression to epilepsy. This study aimed to delineate the clinical characteristics of complex febrile convulsions. Methods : Between January 2003 and December 2006, 550 children were diagnosed with febrile convulsions at the Department of Pediatrics, Ilsan Paik Hospital. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed for comparison between simple and complex febrile convulsions, and clinical findings of complex febrile convulsions were clarified. Results : Our subjects comprised a male-to-female ratio of 1.64:1; the age range was from 8 months to 8 years. Simple febrile convulsions comprised 432 cases, i.e., 4 times as many as complex febrile convulsions (118 cases). The causes of febrile illness included acute pharyngotonsillitis (357 cases, 64.9%), pneumonia (55 cases, 10.0%), acute gastroenteritis (37 cases, 6.7%), and otitis media (20 cases, 3.6%). We did not find any significant difference between simple and complex febrile convulsions in most clinical parameters such as gender, age, family history of febrile convulsions, and cause of febrile illness. Regarding subtypes of complex febrile convulsions, repeated convulsions were the most frequent (72.0%), followed by prolonged convulsions (16.9%) and focal convulsions (5.1%). Conclusion : We have reported here the clinical features of complex febrile convulsions. Although the results did not show any significant difference between simple and complex febrile convulsions in most clinical parameters such as gender, age, family history of febrile convulsion, and cause of febrile illness, further studies are essential to delineate complex febrile convulsions.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children, and to elucidatethe relationship between these adipokines and insulin resistance. Methods: A total of 61 obese children (M : F=42 : 19, mean age 11.2${\pm}$1.3 years) admitted to our facility between March 2004 and June 2005 were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups based on their NAFLD status obese children without fatty liver (N=23); obese children with simple steatosis (N=20); and obese children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (N=18). The serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, and TNF-${\alpha}$ were measured, and insulin resistance determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was calculated to estimate insulin resistance. In addition, the VSR (visceralsubcutaneous fat ratio) was estimated using abdominal computed tomography. Results: There was no difference in serum TNF-${\alpha}$ and leptin levels observed between the 3 groups (22.13${\pm}$6.37 vs. 21.35${\pm}$6.95 vs. 25.17${\pm}$9.30; p=0.342 & 20.29${\pm}$8.57 vs. 16.42${\pm}$6.85 vs. 20.10${\pm}$7.86; p=0.330). However, the serum adiponectin level was significantly lower in children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) than in the other two groups (6.08${\pm}$1.38 in children without steatosis vs. 5.69${\pm}$0.79 in simple steatosis vs. 4.93${\pm}$1.75 in NASH; p=0.026). In addition, the VSR was significantly increased in the NASH group (0.31${\pm}$0.08 vs. 0.32${\pm}$0.11 vs. 0.47${\pm}$0.14; p=0.001), and HOMA-IR revealed a significant difference among the three groups (4.77${\pm}$3.67 vs. 6.89${\pm}$7.05 vs. 10.42${\pm}$6.73; p=0.000). However, there was no significant correlation observed between the adiponectin levels and the HOMA-IR or the VSR (r=-0.117; p=0.450 & r=-0.106; p=0.499). Conclusion: Insulin resistance may affect the development of hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in children, and the results of this study suggest that, of several adipokines evaluated, adiponectin is important in the progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis in obese children.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.321-331
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• 2009

In this study, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Danshen) powder was extracted with ethanol, and its antimicrobial activity was investigated. The ethanol extract of the Danshen had antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zones of the Danshen extract(3 mg/disc) against B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus were 13, 12 and 8.5 mm, respectively. To test the food preservation effect of Danshen and determine the optimal ratio of the Danshen extract in a formulation, Sulgidduk samples were prepared with substitutions of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% Danshen extract, and then their quality characteristics were investigated over 4 days of storage. According to the results, total cell counts showed a decreasing trend with an increasing amount of added Danshen extract. Moisture contents were not significantly different among the Sulgidduk samples. As the content of Danshen extract increased, the L-values of samples decreased and the a- and b- values increased. For the textural characteristics, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the Sulgidduk samples decreased as the amount of Danshen extract increased; however, they increased with the progression of storage time. In the sensory evaluation, the control group had significantly higher scores for color, flavor and after-taste as compared to the Danshen extract-added groups. With increasing Danshen extract contents, flavor and overall acceptability decreased, while Danshen flavor, bitterness and off-flavor increased. Chewiness was not significantly different among the samples. In conclusion, the results indicate that substituting 0.5% Danshen extract in Sulgidduk is optimal for quality and provides a product with reasonably high overall acceptability.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.436-443
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of Kakdugi made with mashed red pepper. With regard to the pH of the Kakdugi, those of the juice from Kakdugi with red pepper powder and of the liquid with mashed red pepper were the highest and lowest immediately after preparation, respectively, but thereafter both slightly decreased, but were similar after the fifth week. Generally, the total acidity of Kakdugi liquid was the higher than that of Kakdugi juice. With regard to the L value, that of the Kakdugi juice was higher than that of Kakdugi liquid and that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper washigher than that of Kakdugi with red pepper powder. From the third week, the 'L' values of all samples generally decreased. The 'a' value of the Kakdugi liquid with mashed red pepper during fermentation was highest During early fermentation, the juice of Kakdugi with red pepper powder showed a higher value than that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper, but conversely, from the second week that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper was higher than that of Kakdugi with red pepper powder. The 'b' value of the juice from Kakdugi with red pepper powder was highest until the second week, but from the third week that of Kakdugi with mashed red pepper was highest. With respect to the organic acids contents, those of citric, quinic and malic acids decreased, but those of lactic and acetic acids increased during fermentation progression. In addition, the citric, lacticand malic acids contents of the Kakdugi with mashed red pepper werethe highest, whereas that of quinic acid of the Kakdugi with red pepper powder was the highest. From the forth week, the acetic acid content of the Kakdugi with mashed red pepper was further increased. As a result of the sensory test, Kakdugi with mashed red pepper showed significantly higher values with regard to redness and fresh flavor, but in overall acceptability in the QDA, appearance and taste in the acceptance test. Therefore, our results indicate that mashed red pepper particularly increased the 'a' value and organic acid contents of Kakdugi compared to those of red pepper powder, leading to an increased overall acceptability.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.198-208
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• 2002

Purpose : There is no scientific basis for an immunization policy for children with renal disease who have increased risk of infection in Korea. As an initial step in approaching this problem, this survey of pediatric nephrologists was undertaken to determine the current recommendations of practicing pediatric nephrologists Methods : Questionnaires were sent to the members of Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology via mail and E-mail. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the immunization practice of basic vaccination schedule for nephrotic syndrome, the side effects after vaccination and the immunization practice about recommended vaccines for children with renal disease. Results : Questionnaires were sent to 56 pediatric nephrologists. 35 replies were received (response rate: 62.5%). Almost of the respondents (82.8%) reported practicing at university hospital. All respondents reported modified vaccination schedule. 65.7% of the respondents immunized nephrotic children with live vaccines some time later after discontinuation of corticosteroids treatment and 57.1% of respondents immunized them with killed vaccines during medication of low doses of corticosteroids. Respondents experienced relapse of nephrotic syndrome after vaccination are nine, lack of vaccine efficacy are three and infection by organisms of live vaccines are two. 71.4% of respondents reported vaccinating children with renal disease for hepatitis B, pneumococcus and influenza during medication of low doses of corticosteroids. But There is few difference of the rates of respondents vaccinating them for Hemophilus influenzae type b between during medication of low doses of corticosteroids and after discontinuation of corticosteroids treatment (45.7% us 42.9%). Almost of respondents reported vaccinating renal failure children without immunosuppression for hepatitis B, pneumococcus, influenza and H. influenzae type b ($54.3{\sim}77.1%$). Conclusion : Pediatric nephrologists practiced modifying vaccination schedules for children with renal disease in Korea and there was variation according to the progression of disease and the doses of corticosteroids. It is necessary to establish the immunization guideline for children with renal disease through the prospective studies.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2002

Purpose: Hypertension accelerates the progression of chronic renal disease, whether it results from, or causes, the renal disease. Therefore, the control of hypertension is one of the important factors that retard the rate of renal deterioration. We compared the effects of different antihypertensive agents on renal function and glomerular morphology In subtotal nephrectomized rats. Materials and methods: After induction of chronic renal failure with 5/6 nephrectomy, the rats were divided into three groups; control group (Group C), enalapril group (Group E), and nicardipine group (Group N). Systolic blood pressure was measured by tail cuff method every 4 weeks until 12 weeks after nephrectomy. At 12 weeks after nephrectomy, all rats were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hour urine collections to measure urinary protein and creatinine excretion. After urine collection and blood sampling for serum creatinine, all rats were sacrificed. The renal tissue was processed for morphometric study with light microscope and electron microscope. Results: 1. The blood pressure of Group C increased progressively, but both enalapril and nicardipine prevented the development of hypertension, and the two drugs were equally effective in maintaining normal blood pressure throughout the study. 2. Twenty-four hour urinary protein excretion was lower in Group E compared to Group C and Group N 3. Mesangial expansion score in both treated groups were significantly lower than the control group. Mean glomerular volume in Group E was significantly reduced compared to Group C and Group N. There was no significant difference in mean glomerular volume between Group C and Group N. 4. There was no significant difference in podocyte structural changes, estimated by filtration slit length density, among control, enalapril and nicardipine treated groups. Conclusion: Control of hypertension with enalapril or nicardipine afforded considerable protection from mesangial expansion in the rat remnant kidney model. But protein excretion and glomerular growth were significantly reduced in Group E compared to Group N. There was no significant difference in podocyte structural changes among the 3 groups.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 1999

Purpose : Malformation of urinary tract is among the most common of all congenital anomalies and can progress to irreversible renal damage before diagnosis due to difficulty of early diagnosis. Present study was undertaken to determine the clinical characteristics of urinary tract anomaly and to find out the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures for children with these anomalies. Methods : During the past 10 years from 1987 to 1998, review of medical records revealed 65 children with congenital anomaly of urinary tract and the following results were obtained. Results : The most common anomalies were ureteropelvic junction obstruction occuring in 26 cases ($36\%$), followed by ureteral duplication in 11 cases, renal agenesis in 10 cases and ureterovesical function obstruction in 7 cases. Complex anomaly of urinary tract was found in 8 cases and anomaly of other systems such as congenital heart disease was detected in 11 cases. The most frequent age group at the time of diagnosis was below 1 year of age constituting 39 cases ($60\%$) and male preponderance was noted as male to female ratio being 2.25:1. Presenting symptoms were urinary tract infection in 25 cases, followed by hematuria, abdominal mass, abdominal pain and voiding difficulty, etc, and in 11 cases, the anomaly was picked up by routine prenatal ultrasonography. Azotemia was noted in 9 cases and the underlying anomaly was obstructive uropathy in 4 out of these 9 cases. Surgical correction was undertaken in 38 cases (most frequently in cases of obstructive uropathy) and in 2 out off cases with obstructive uropathy in whom surgical correction was done, azotemia disappeared during follow up period of 1-5years. No new cases of deteriorating renal function appeared during follow-up period. Conclusion : In spite of high incidence of congenital malformation of urinary tract, early diagnosis is still hampered by nonspecific symptoms and signs. Therefore, in patients with symptoms such as urinary tract infection, abdominal pain and voiding problems, etc, it Is advisable to take various diagnostic tests promptly to pick up any urinary tract anomaly and to apply proper therapy in order to avoid progression to irreversible renal damage. In this regard, prenatal ultrasonography should be utilized more widely as a routine procedure to detect any urinary tract anomalies before birth.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.248-252
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate potential of Shiranuhi cultivar against inoculation of causal pathogen of citrus canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Jeju Island by comparing degree of susceptibility of fruits and leaves/twigs, and analysis of incidence of canker disease. Progression of symptom, disease incidence, and percent area of lesion were surveyed for evaluation of resistance. In greenhouse condition, symptoms of bacterial citrus canker progressed more rapidly in sweet orange, a moderately susceptible cultivar, than in other four cultivars (satsuma mandarin, 'Kiyomi', 'Shiranuhi' and 'Yuzu'). At 20 days after inoculation, disease severity was the highest in sweet orange (5.0$\pm$0.0), and all tested leaves were distorted or had dropped. On the other hand, 'Yuzu' showed the lowest disease severity (2.6$\pm$0.47), followed by 'Kiyomi' (4.0$\pm$0.0), 'Shiranuhi' (4.0$\pm$0.82), and satsuma mandarin (4.3$\pm$0.47). Percent area of lesion per leaf 30 days after inoculation was the highest in sweet orange (8.31$\pm$1.78), followed by satsuma mandarin (1.51$\pm$1.25), 'Shiranuhi' (1.39$\pm$0.94), and 'Kiyomi' (1.1$\pm$0.9), while the lowest was in 'Yuzu' (0.26$\pm$0.17). Infield condition, percentage of diseased leaf in 'Shiranuhi' was very low, 5.2$\pm$2.9, compared with sweet orange, 71.0$\pm$ 11.5, while that of satsuma mandarin and 'Kiyomi' were 6.9$\pm$7.0 and 4.3$\pm$2.0, respectively. Percentages of diseased leaf was higher (17.4$\pm$7.1) than that of diseased fruit (3.2$\pm$2.5) in severely diseased trees of Shiranuhi cultivar, and the disease was not observed on twig in open field condition. Lesion sizes on leaves and fruits in open field condition were 4.1$\pm$2.2 mm2 and 5.1$\pm$5.6 mm2, respectively, while those in greenhouse condition were 8.7$\pm$5.7 mm2, 10.4$\pm$9.2 mm2 and 5.6$\pm$2.6 mm2 on leaves, fruits and twigs, respectively. The disease was observed in 5.6% out of total 107 farmers Shiranuhi fields under polyethylene film house, and average percentages of diseased tree in 31 fields of Shiranuhi cultivar and adjacent satsuma mandarin fields were 0.02% and 14.8%, respectively. Average percentage of diseased fruit was 1.6% in satsuma mandarin which was not observed in anyone of all the 31 Shiranuhi farmers fields. Therefore, it was concluded that 'Shiranuhi' cultivar is not potential against causal pathogen of citrus canker disease in Jeju Island because the cultivar has similar resistance as satsuma mandarin which occupies over 95% of total 25,000 ha in Jeju Island in polyethylene film houses protected from outside.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

Purpose: To analyze the postoperative radiotherapy results and prognostic factors in patients with WHO grade 3 and 4 gliomas. Materials and Methods: A total of 99 patients with malignant gliomas who underwent postoperative radiotherapy between 1988 and 2007 were enrolled in this study. Total resections, subtotal resections ($\geq$50%), partial resections (<50%), and biopsies were performed in 16, 38, 22, and 23 patients, respectively. In total there were 32, 63 and 4 WHO grade 3, 4, and unspecified high grade gliomas, respectively. The biologically equivalent dose was in the range of 18.6 to $83.3\;Gy_{10}$ (median dose, $72.2\;Gy_{10}$). We retrospectively analyzed survival rate, patterns of failure, prognostic factors, and adverse effects. Results: The median follow-up time was 11 months and there were 54 patients (54.5%) with local failure. The one and 2-year survival rates were 56.6% and 29.3%, respectively, and the median survival duration was 13 months. The one and 2-year progression-free survival rates (PFS) were 31.3% and 18.2%, respectively, and the median PFS was 7 months. The prognostic factors for overall survival were age (p=0.0001), surgical extents (subtotal resection, p=0.023; partial resection, p=0.009; biopsy only, p=0.002), and enhancement of tumor in postoperative imaging study (p=0.049). The factors affecting PFS were age (p=0.036), tumor enhancement of the postoperative imaging study (p=0.006). There were 3 patients with grade 3 and 4 side effects during and after radiotherapy. Conclusions: In addition to age and surgical extents, tumor enhancement of the postoperative imaging study was included in the prognostic factors. The most common relapse patterns were local failures and hence, additional studies are needed to improve local control rates.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.346-352
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• 2013

The study was aimed to investigate the influence of diode laser on osteoarthritis (OA) of stifle joint induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Sixty 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Right stifle joint was operated to create ACLT or sham. There were five study groups: control, Sham, ACLT, ACLT + Laser irradiation (ACLT+L) and ACLT + meloxicam administration (ACLT+M). Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) was applied at the operated stifle joint twice a week using an 808-nm indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs) diode laser during 8-week experimental period. Radiographical, gross morphological and histopathological findings were examined at 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery. Radiography, CBC and chemistry tests showed no significant difference between groups. ACLT+L group showed remarkable cartilage damages compared with sham group morphologically and histopathologically at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. ACLT+M group also had more cartilage damages compared with sham group. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) showed limitation to prevent progression of OA in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection models; on the contrary it accelerated cartilage damage. It is assumed that the aggravating results of LLLT in this study might be due to excessive unstable movement of stifle joint from the pain-relieving effect of LLLT, rather than direct damaging effect of irradiation since LLLT did not affect cell viability.