• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2019

Lichens are generally known as self-sufficient, symbiotic life-forms between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria, and they also provide shelter for a wide range of beneficial bacteria. Currently, bacterial-derived biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is grabbing the attention of many researchers as a promising alternative to non-degradable plastics. This study was conducted to develop a new method of PHA production using unexplored lichen-associated bacteria, which can simultaneously degrade two ubiquitous industrial toxins, anthracene and naphthalene. Here, 49 lichen-associated bacteria were isolated and tested for PHA synthesis. During the GC-MS analysis, a potential strain of EL19 was found to be a 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3-HHx) accumulator and identified as Pseudomonas sp. based on the 16S rRNA sequencing. GC analysis revealed that EL19 was capable of accumulating 30.62% and 19.63% of 3-HHx from naphthalene and anthracene, respectively, resulting in significant degradation of 98% and 96% of naphthalene and anthracene, respectively, within seven days. Moreover, the highly expressed phaC gene verified the genetic basis of $PHA_{mcl}$ production under nitrogen starvation conditions. Thus, this study strongly supports the hypothesis that lichen-associated bacteria can detoxify naphthalene and anthracene, store energy for extreme conditions, and probably help the associated lichen to live in extreme conditions. So far, this is the first investigation of lichen-associated bacteria that might utilize harmful toxins as feasible supplements and convert anthracene and naphthalene into eco-friendly 3-HHx. Implementation of the developed method would reduce the production cost of $PHA_{mcl}$ while removing harmful waste products from the environment.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2019

Esterase produced by Acinetobacter sp. B1 (strain B1) was optimized by means of one-variable-at-a-time and response surface methodologies. Results of the one-variable-at-a-time experiment showed that Tween 80 significantly increased esterase production of strain B1. The addition of Tween 80 to the culture medium increased the biomass and esterase activity of strain B1, stimulated content of total extracellular protein, and enhanced the oleic acid (C18:1) composition in the cell membrane of strain B1. The influence of eight culture variables on esterase production was evaluated by Plackett-Burman design. Results showed that Tween 80, pH, and $K_2HPO_4$ significantly affected the esterase production of strain B1. Tween 80, pH, and $K_2HPO_4$ were further optimized by central composite design. Under the optimized conditions (w/v, soluble starch 2.5%, tryptone 1.5%, Tween 80 0.8%, $K_2HPO_4$ 0.5%, NaCl 0.5%, pH 8.0, inoculum size 1%, and inoculum age 24 h), the maximum esterase activity of strain B1 was 152.13 U/ml, which was 10-fold higher than that of non-optimization after 36 h cultivation.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.415-431
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• 2001

Recently, the biggest interest in education, education using ICT(Information and Communication Technology) is being emphasized excessively and only the practical side is being embossed on the research about it, so it is causing worry that it is inclined to technical use. In this study, we tried to prepare the strategy for efficient use of ICT in search of theoretical level on use of ICT as an alternative plan for these problems. First, we defined the concept of efficient use of ICT and fixed high thinking of human as basic authority cited for deduction of strategy and analyzed Integrated Thinking Model of Iowa State Dept. of Education. We categorized synthetic thinking for efficient use of ICT through these works. In addition, we classified ICT for efficient use into software area, hardware area, and use skill area, and observed each concepts and interrelationship. And we argued 'Decision Authority of Relation between Thinking Area and ICT Area' to examine relation between synthetic thinking category and each area of ICT, and we established concretization of that, 'Analysis Matrix for Deduction of ICE-EUS'. We tried to guarantee the propriety of deduction process and the clearness of deduction result through this works. Through this process we finally deduct the ICT-EUS(Efficient-Use Strategy of ICT) about learning resources, learning tools, tutee, searching, communication, production and presentation of ICT area. ICT-EUS is expected to provide possibility of being able to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of achievement of learning goals through cognitive analysis about learning resources, tools and use skills beyond simple use of ICT.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.73-86
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• 2018

Recently, the trend is an increase in prep and existing entrepreneurs returning to farming, people who take over the business and work on a secondary inauguration, and those who are in the field of processed food or exposing farm arisen from the activation of the sixth industry. However, the fact is that majority of an agricultural education is about production process technology education of farm product and processed food under a government-affiliated organization, so the education for start-up, management, or marketing are scarcely proceeding. Rapidly changing customers' demands and trends, agricultural product and food market opening cause a crisis in the field of agrifood. To turn this crisis into opportunity, return farmers need to be fully qualified as an entrepreneur and enterpriser, so that they improve their business mind-set such as plaining, manufacturing and marketing items in a customer perspective, and have ability to take action against imported goods. Also there is a necessary education to change recognition and enhance their ability as an entrepreneur. This study gives a proposal that an agricultural education should expand and strengthen for practician in the field of agrifood to inspire mind-set, change recognition, and enhance their ability as an entrepreneur, and aim at basically figuring out reality of current agricultural education which has not been systematically studied yet, and also establishing theories associated with that. This study is composed of present state, content, drawback, improvement plan of the current agricultural education intended for five of education managers and instructors who provided various education about inception towards farmers, returning farmers, and prep entrepreneurs who have already started up or get ready to do the business in agrifood field.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.37-45
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• 2019

In recent years, the emergence of virtual reality (VR Virtual Reality) technology has provided a new model of safety education, enabling users to learn and respond to disasters in a virtual safety education environment. However, the related VR products related to domestic and foreign R & D are relatively simple, there is no practical training on specific accident, and it is not practical enough to play a sufficient role in safety education. In this paper, the problems and disadvantages of VR technology applied in the field of automobile safety education as an example of automobile accident among the types of disasters are examined, and a system framework of automotive safety education based on VR technology is proposed. The vehicle safety education system proposed in this paper will help users to improve driving safety consciousness, to acquire safety knowledge in driving, and to acquire driving safety skill which is very important for automobile safety education. In addition, the design and production methods of safety education based on VR technology are considered to have important reference implications for the application of modern teaching and teaching theory by integrating with VR technology and developing related teaching materials products and finally introducing education.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2008

Presently, media for sanitation education consisting of a sanitation manual and a CD-ROM intended for restaurant employers and employees was developed and evaluated. The sanitation manual consisted of five principles: prevention of foodborne illness, personal hygiene, control of food production, instrument and equipment cleaning and sanitation, and management of environmental sanitation. The CD-ROM was composed of animations detailed real-life examples of Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus foodborned illness outbreaks; slides summarizing the five principles of the manual; and a poster entitled You can prevent foodborne illness listing and describing the principles. A 15 question evaluation survey was developed to gauge the efficacy of the animations. The survey was divided into five sections on comprehension of the instructions, content organization concerning understanding, content organization concerning the information presented, content organization concerning retention of interest (concentration), and recommendations concerning concentration. Ranked on a 5-point scale the survey produced a mean value of 3.80$\pm$0.39 and individual scores of 3.92$\pm$0.45 (learning instruction), 3.86$\pm$0.48 (understanding), 3.82$\pm$0.52 (information), 3.75$\pm$0.49 (concentration), and 3.67$\pm$0.58 (concentration-recommendation). Overall, evaluation results of the animation were good and easy to understand, with only a few respondents electing to watch the animations more than once. In terms of continuous and recurring education, sanitation training programs should be easy to learn and contain sufficient and specific examples of the importance of sanitation in achieving food safety.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.811-816
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• 2007

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), which belongs to the FABP family, plays an essential role in long-chain fatty acid uptake and metabolic homeostasis, especially in adipose tissue. The pattern of A-FABP gene mRNA expression in different growth stages and its relation to intramuscular fat (IMF) accretion in pigs was studied. Fifteen female $Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$ pigs in five groups of three pigs each, weighing 1, 30, 50, 70 and 90 kg were used to study developmental gene mRNA expression of A-FABP in various adipose tissues by means of semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that A-FABP mRNA levels in subcutaneous and ventral adipose tissues first increased from 1 to 50 kg, then gradually declined from 50 to 90 kg. Moreover, the rank order of A-FABP mRNA levels determined in three adipose tissues was as follows: subcutaneous adipose>ventral adipose>mesenteric adipose. A-FABP mRNA expression in mesenteric adipose tissue was constant during development. In addition, a positive correlation from 1 to 50 kg BW pigs and a negative correlation from 50 to 90 kg BW between A-FABP mRNA levels in subcutaneous and ventral adipose and IMF content were found.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2002

Reasonable and reliable assessment method is one of the most important issues in science education, Partial credits method is an effective tool for assessing students' science inquiry problem solving. The purposes of this study were to classify the Problem solving types based on the analysis of the thinking Process, and how much the related science concept and the science process skills were used in solving science inquiry problems, and to describe the possibility and rationality of the assessment method that gives partial credit 128 high school seniors were selected and their answers were analyzed to identify science concepts they used to solve each problem, and the result was used as the criterion in the scientific concept test development. Also, to study the science inquiry problem solving type, 152 high school seniors were selected, and protocols were made from audio-taped data of their problem solving process through a think-aloud method and retrospective interviews. In order to get a raw data needed in statistical comparison of reliability, discrimination and the difficulty of the test and the production of the regression equation that determines the ratio of partial credit, 640 students were selected and they were given a science inquiry problem test, a science process skills test, and a scientific concept test. Research result suggested it is more reasonable and reliable to switch to the assessment method that applies partial credit to different problem solving types based on the analysis of the thinking process in problem solving process, instead of the dichotomous credit method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1007-1013
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium levels on weight gain, nutrient digestibility and the retention of iron, copper and zinc in tissues of growing pigs. A total of one hundred and ninety-two crossbred pigs (barrows, Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshine, 27.67$\pm$1.33 kg of average initial body weight) were randomly allotted to four treatments. Each treatment had three replicates with 16 pigs per pen. The corn-soybean basal diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg cadmium respectively, and the feeding experiment lasted for eight-three days. Cadmium chloride was used as cadmium source. The results showed that pigs fed the diet containing 10.0 mg/kg cadmium had lower ADG and FCR than any other treatments (p<0.05). Apparent digestibility of protein in 10.0 mg/kg cadmium-treated group was lower than that of other groups (p<0.05). There was lower iron retention in some tissues of 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg cadmium treatments (p<0.05). However, pigs fed the diet 10.0 mg/kg cadmium had higher copper content in most tissues than that of any other groups (p<0.05). There was a significantly increase of zinc retention in kidney of 10.0 mg/kg cadmium additional group (p<0.05) and zinc concentrations in lymphaden, pancreas and heart of 10.0 mg/kg cadmium treatment were lower than those of the control (p<0.05). This study indicated that relatively high cadmium level (10.0 mg/kg) could decrease pig growth performance and change the retention of iron, copper and zinc in most tissues during extended cadmium exposure period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.552-556
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• 2005

Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), glutathione transferase (GST) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) activities were analyzed in serum, livers and kidneys of pigs treated with graded doses of fluoride (as NaF). Ninety-six Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire crossbred growing pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts, respectively), with similar initial weight 24.14${\pm}$1.12kg, were randomly assigned to four different treatments. These treatments containing the following added F: basal control; 50 mg/kg F; 100 mg/kg F and 150 mg/kg F were randomly assigned to four pens (three barrows and three gilts) each in a completely randomized design. The results showed pigs treated with 150 mg/kg F significantly decreased average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and increased feed/gain ratio (F/G) (p<0.05) compared to the controls. In the groups treated with fluoride, the contents of MDA increased, T-AOC levels and the activities of SOD, GSH-PX, CAT, GST and XOD decreased, and most of which altered significantly (p<0.05). The study therefore indicated the mechanism of excess fluoride on the impairment of soft tissues involved in lipid peroxidation and decreased the activities of some enzymes associated with free radical metabolism.