• 제목/요약/키워드: Product Risk Analysis

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Improving Development Process for Product Safety

  • Jung, Won
    • Proceedings of the Korean Reliability Society Conference
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    • 2004.07a
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    • pp.262-267
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    • 2004
  • In designing and evaluating a new product, the company needs to give thought to the entire spectrum of produceability, usability, and ultimate reliability, as well as safety of users. For each design review(DR) stage, a formal, systematic, documented review and evaluation of a product design is conducted to assure that the product is safe and reliable, that costs and materials have been optimized, and that the design complies with its specifications and requirements. This paper presents how to improve development process for product's safety and reliability. The process requires gathering the appropriate information, determining the limits of the product, estimating risk associated with the task-hazard combinations, and reducing risk according to a prioritized procedure.

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Multi-Channel Behavior for Fashion Product Purchases and the Difference of Perceived Risk by Channel Type -The Case of College Men and Women- (패션 상품 구매 과정에서의 다중 경로 활용과 경로별 위험 지각 차이 -대학생 성별에 따른 비교-)

  • Chung, Ihn Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.277-292
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    • 2014
  • This study investigated consumers' multi-channel behavior for fashion product purchases and compared perceived risks by channel type. A survey involving male and female college students was conducted in the Daegu and Gyungbuk area in December 2013. A total of 400 responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, independent sample t-test, paired t-test, factor analysis, and reliability analysis. An internet shopping mall was the most frequently chosen retailer type for fashion product purchases and information searches. In addition, respondents also preferred independent branded stores, department stores, and non-branded stores. The number of retailer types for clothing item purchases ranged from 1 to 6 and the average was 3.06. The number of retailer types was significantly higher in women groups according to gender variables. Perceived risk had the highest evaluation score for internet shopping malls. Department stores were recognized as a reliable retailer type. The construct of perceived risk was shown as similar in off-line stores such as department stores, independent branded stores, and non-branded stores. Instead, the construct was differentiated from the case of internet shopping malls. Some insightful suggestions were suggested for future research and industrial marketing plans based on the results.

The Effect of Online WOM of Menu Product Consumers on Product Perception Risk and WOM Effect

  • HEO, Yeong-Wook
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.77-85
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    • 2020
  • Purpose: This study examined marketing value as online word-of-mouth media in the foodservice industry, and it did research on online word-of-mouth (e-WOM) communication marketing schemes using mass communication in the industry. The study is also intended to investigate the impact of electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) information and communication on product awareness risks, benefits, and word-of-mouth (WOM) impacts on restaurant consumers. Research design, data, and methodology: The analysis was conducted on a valid questionnaire of 425 menu product consumers. The survey was conducted for two months in March 2019. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS and hierarchical regression analysis was applied. Results: It did empirical research on the reciprocal casual relations to online and the existing word-of-mouth communication that have to be preceded to understand characteristics of online word-of-mouth communication for the purpose of this study. The result is summarized as follows. First, the online word-of-mouth (e-WOM) effect on product recognition risk shows the statistically significant effect of information sender characteristics, information recipient characteristics, and online word-of-mouth (e-WOM) communication on product recognition risk. Second, the influence of online word-of-mouth (e-WOM) on product risk benefits shows that the information sender characteristics, the information receiver characteristics, and online communications have a statistically significant effect on product risk benefits. Third, online word of mouth risk recognition had a statistically significant effect on word of mouth acceptance. Fourth, online risk benefit had a statistically significant positive effect on word of mouth (WOM) effect. Conclusions: The communication between online word of mouth (e-WOM) sender and recipient had a positive influence on the product evaluation and attitude change in the foodservice industry, and the word-of-mouth (WOM) effect affected financial and non-financial performance. The results mentioned above indicated that the communication between the sender of the information and the receiver of the information had a positive effect on the product evaluation and attitude change of the menu consumer, and the word-of-mouth (WOM) result affected the financial. Therefore, the online word-of-mouth (e-WOM) effect has a positive effect on the word-of-mouth (WOM) effect of menu products when performed simultaneously and positively between the information sender and the information receiver.

The Impact of Japanese Electronic Products' Perceived Risk on Avoidance Intention

  • NAM, Gyu-Bin;YANG, Jae-Jang
    • The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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    • v.13 no.11
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    • pp.47-64
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    • 2022
  • Purpose: This study's goal is to investigate how perceived risk of Japanese electronic product affect the negative emotion and the avoidance intentions. In addition, this is difference in the effect of perceived risk on negative emotions and avoidance intentions according to the presence or absence of substitutes. Research design, data and methodology: Perceived risks of Japan products are decided by four dimensions, they are economic risk, social risk, psychological risk and physical risk. The reach model is made by the theory of risk-avoid. We requested this survey to 5808 customers by panel and web site, received 559 replied. We used 528 questionnaires excluding unreliable data. For the analysis, smart PLS is used. Results: Psychological risk has influence on negative emotion and avoidance intension. Social risk and physical risk affected negative emotion, but did not directly affect avoidance intention. Economic risk affects avoidance intension, but it has no effect of negative emotion. The existence of Japanese products' substitute only effects the relationship of economic risk and avoidance intention. Conclusions: Korean consumers behavior their buying and using of Japan product as financial benefit and satisfaction, not only risk. It is suggested that Korean company should make and develop unique product with good price.

The Effect of Corporate Association on the Perceived Risk of the Product (소비자의 제품 지각 위험에 대한 기업연상과 효과: 지식과 관여의 조절적 역활을 중심으로)

  • Cho, Hyun-Chul;Kang, Suk-Hou;Kim, Jin-Yong
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.1-32
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    • 2008
  • Brown and Dacin (1997) have investigated the relationship between corporate associations and product evaluations. Their study focused on the effects of associations with a company's corporate ability (CA) and its corporate social responsibility (CSR) on consumers' product evaluations. Their study has found that both of CA and CSR influenced product evaluation but CA association has a stronger effect than CSR associations. Brown and Dacin (1997) have, however, claimed that there are few researches on how corporate association impacts product responses. Accordingly, some of researchers have found the variables to moderate or to mediate the relationship between the corporate association and the product responses. In particular, there has been existed a few of studies that tested the influence of the reputation on the product-relevant perceived risk, but the effects of two types of the corporate association on the product-relevant perceived risk were not identified so far. The primary goal of this article is to identify and empirically examine some variables to moderate the effects of CA association and CSR association on the perceived risk of the product. In this articles, we take the concept of the corporate associations that Brown and Dacin (1997) had proposed. CA association is those association related to the company's expertise in producing and delivering its outputs and CSR association reflected the organization's status and activities with respect to its perceived societal obligations. Also, this study defines the risk, which is the uncertainty or loss of the product and corporate that consumers have taken in a particular purchase decision or after having purchased. The risk is classified into product-relevant performance risk and financial risk. Performance risk is the possibility or the consequence of a product not functioning at some expected level and financial risk is the monetary loss one perceives to be incurring if a product does not function at some expected level. In relation to consumer's knowledge, expert consumers have much of the experiences or knowledge of the product in consumer position and novice consumers does not. The model tested in this article are shown in Figure 1. The model indicates that both of CA association and CSR association influence on performance risk and financial risk. In addition, the effects of CA and CSR are moderated by product category knowledge (product knowledge) and product category involvement (product involvement). In this study, the relationships between the corporate association and product-relevant perceived risk are hypothesized as the following form. For example, Hypothesis 1a($H_{1a}$) is represented that CA association has a positive influence on the performance risk of consumer. Also, the hypotheses that identified some variables to moderate the effects of two types of corporate association on the perceived risk of the product are laid down. One of the hypotheses of the interaction effect is Hypothesis 3a($H_{3a}$), it is described that consumer's knowledges of the product moderates the negative relationship between CA association and product-relevant performance risk. A field experiment was conducted in order to examine our model. The company tested was not real but imagined to meet the internal validity. Water purifiers were used for our study. Four scenarios have been developed and described as the imaginary company: Type A with both of superior CA and CSR, Type B with superior CSR and inferior CA, Type C with superior CA and inferior CSR, and Type D with both inferior of CA and CSR. The respondents of this study were classified into four groups. One type of four scenarios (Type A, B, C, or D) in its questionnaire was given to the respondent who filled out questions. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire to the respondents, chosen in convenience. A total of 300 respondents filled out the questionnaire but 207 were used for further analysis. Table 1 indicates that the scales in this study are reliable because the range of coefficients of Cronbach's $\alpha$ are from 0.85 to 0.92. The composite reliability is in the range of 0,85 to 0,92 and average variance extracted is in 0.72-0.98 range that is higher than the base level of 0.6. As shown in Table 2, the values for CFI, NNFI, root-mean-square error approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) are acceptably close to the standards suggested by Hu and Bentler (1999):.95 for CFI and NNFI,.06 for RMSEA, and.08 for SRMR. We also tested discriminant validity provided by Fornell and Larcker (1981). As shown in Table 2, we found strong evidence for discriminant validity between each possible pair of latent constructs in all samples. Given that these batteries of overall goodness-of-fit indices were accurate and that the model was developed on theoretical bases, and given the high level of consistency across samples, this enables us to proceed the previously defined scales. We used the moderated hierarchical regression analysis to test the influence of the corporate association(CA and CSR associations) on product-relevant perceived risk(performance and financial risks) and to identify the variables moderating the relationship between the corporate association and product-relevant performance risk. In this study, dependent variables are performance and financial risk. CA and CSR associations are described the independent variables. The moderating variables are product category knowledge and product category involvement. The results are, as expected, found that CA association has statistically a significant influence on the perceived risk of the product, but CSR association does not. Product category knowledge and involvement moderate the relationship between the CA association and the perceived risk of the product. However, the effect of CSR association on the perceived risk of the product is not moderated by the consumers' knowledge and involvement. For this result, it is necessary for a corporate to inform its customers CA association more than CSR association so that they could be felt to be the reduction of the perceived risk. The important theoretical contribution of this research is the meanings that two types of corporate association that Brown and Dacin(1997), and Brown(1998) have proposed replicated the difference of the effects on product evaluation. According to Hunter(2001), it was an important affair to accomplish the validity of a particular study and we had to take about ten studies to deduce a strict study. Next, there is the contribution of the this study to find that the effects of corporate association on the perceived risk of the product are varied by the moderator variables. In particular, the moderating effect of knowledge on the relationship between corporate association and product-relevant perceived risk has not been tested in Korea. In the managerial implications of this research, we suggest the necessity to stress the ability that corporate manufactures the product well(CA association) than the accomplishment of corporate's social obligation(CSR association). This study suffers from various limitations that imply future research directions. The moderating effects of product category knowledge and involvement on the relationship between corporate association and perceived risk need to be replicated. Next, future research could explore whether the mediated effects of the perceived risk has the relationship between corporate association and consumer's product purchase. In addition, to ensure the external validity of the study will be needed to use realistic company, not artificial.

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Gender differences in brand extension (남녀 성차에 따른 브랜드 확장 평가에 관한 연구)

  • Rhee, YoungJu
    • The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.301-314
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the gender differences in the relationships between knowledge of, attachment with, and attitude toward a parent brand and perceived risk of, attitude toward, and purchase intension of an extended product in the case of brand extension. A total of 300 survey questionnaires were distributed to 150 male and 150 female college students, and 275 responses were used for the final analysis. The results showed that for male college students, knowledge of the parent brand had a positive relationship with brand attachment with the parent brand, which in turn had a positive relationship with brand attitude toward the parent brand. Knowledge of the parent brand had a negative relationship with perceived risk of the extended product, which again had a negative relationship with attitude toward the extended product. In addition, for male college students, knowledge of the parent brand had a positive relationship with attitude toward the extended product, which also had a positive relationship with purchase intension of the extended product. For female college students, brand attachment with the parent brand had a positive relationship with brand attitude toward the parent brand, which also had a positive relationship with attitude toward the extended product. Brand attachment with the parent brand showed a negative relationship with perceived risk of the extended product, which also had a negative relationship with attitude toward the extended product.

Relationships Between Risk Factors and R&D Output: Approach to New Product Development process (위험요인과 R&D성과 간의 관계: 신제품개발단계별 접근)

  • Han, Sang Rog;Cho, Kuen Tae
    • Journal of Technology Innovation
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.165-198
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of the study is to identify risk factors and analyze risk impacts to increase R&D outcome by taking into consideration the activities undertaken in each phase of New Product Development(NPD) process. The paper builds on survey research that has been developed new IT products within the past 5 years at SAMSUNG and LG subsidiaries in the Republic of Korea. This study identified risk factors in accordance with NPD process and evaluated the identified risk factors with survey questionnaires. To analyze the risk impacts were used to perform a logistic regression analysis based on R&D output. The impact of risk factors were higher for the low-output group. High-output group took a risk into consideration unique undertakings in project management and managed risk factors effectively in order to increase R&D output. Consequently, with the aim of improving output of R&D, a risk management is necessary to identify the risk factors for each phase of NPD and focus on managing risk factors with great effect.

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Perceived Risk Factors Affecting Consumers' Online Shopping Behaviour

  • THAM, Kok Wai;DASTANE, Omkar;JOHARI, Zainudin;ISMAIL, Nurlida Binti
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.249-260
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    • 2019
  • The study examines the impact of financial risk, convenience risk, non-delivery risk; return policy risk and product risk on online consumer behavior of Malaysian consumers. The research employed a self-administered survey to collect empirical data from 245 Malaysian online shoppers by using convenience sampling. Cronbach alpha was calculated to confirm the reliability of the data and then normality was assessed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was then conducted to test the model using the goodness-of-fit tests. And finally, structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses and draw conclusions. IBM SPSS AMOS version 22.0 was utilized for data analysis. The research indicates that product risk, convenience risk, and return policy risk have a significant and positive impact on online shopping behavior. Financial risk is found to have insignificant and negative effects on consumer behavior. In addition, the non-delivery risk is found to have a significant and negative impact on online shopping behavior. The findings provide a useful model for measuring and managing perceived risk in online shopping which may result in an increase in participation of Malaysian consumers and reduce their cognitive deficiencies in the e-commerce environment. Several managerial implications are discussed along with the scope for future research.

Classification of Product Safety Management Target by RAP and Cluster Analysis for Consumer Safety (소비자안전을 위한 RAP 및 군집분석을 통한 제품안전 관리대상 유형분류 연구)

  • Suh, Jungdae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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    • v.33 no.6
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    • pp.128-135
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    • 2018
  • Currently, the government selects products that are likely to cause harm to consumers as safety management targets and classifies them into three types: safety certification, safety confirmation, and supplier conformity verification. In addition, the government conducts safety surveys on products in circulation or accident products, and recalls products that are of great concern to consumer risks. In this paper, we have developed RAP (Risk Assessment method based on Probability), which is a probability based product risk assessment method, for the classification of safety management type of product and safety investigation, and have shown an application example. In this process, information is used for the CISS (Consumer Injury Surveillance System) of the Korean Consumer Agency. In addition, we apply the cluster analysis to classify the current supervised children products into three groups. Then, we confirm the effectiveness of RAP by comparing the result of RAP application, cluster analysis result and current safety management classification type. Also, we recognize the need to review the current safety management classification criteria for classifying products into three types.

Product Liability Prevention Policies through the Improvement of Product Safety and Reliability (제품안전 및 신뢰성 향상을 통한 제조물책임 예방대책)

  • Kim, Jin-Kyu
    • IE interfaces
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.270-278
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    • 2002
  • Product Liability(PL) is a legal policy to deal with global competition by improving domestic industrial competitive power and to reduce the cost of defect products. The purpose of this paper is to address the state of the art solutions to dispute on PL, in reality of a frequent occurrence of global product exchange focussing on product safety that is one of the most important functions of PL and to improve solution of the product safety and reliability responsive to PL. To minimize PL exposure, manufacturers should reflect comprehensive product safety and reliability concepts in establishing PL prevention policies. Total PL prevention policies are composed of total quality management and product safety management system in respect of safety design, risk, and reliability. These PL prevention activities should be performed consistently during the total product life cycle, especially product research and development periods.