• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

As the technological gap amongst manufacturers decreases, the life cycle of products has shortened, and competition accelerates due to the development of technology, incumbent manufacturing companies face growth limitations. In order to overcome such business issues, manufacturing companies are increasingly interested in changes in business models and innovations, especially in the direction of providing services where they can maintain the competitive advantage of their products. In such context, this empirical study examines managerial leadership, differentiation strategies, and products and services pricing as 'servitization factors', which can be driving forces for moving into a new era of growth for Korean SMEs, focusing on the mediating effects of servitization competency. The results are as follows : First, it was confirmed that executive leadership, differentiation strategy, and information & communication technology capability have a direct effect on service sales. Second, the process competency, partnership competency, and ICT competency, which are presented as the service competence of SMEs, were found to play an important role in inducing service sales in managerial leadership, differentiation strategy, product and services pricing. It also emphasized the role of the public policy such as helping to foster SMEs as key partners in the expansion of social facilities and establishing platforms through ICT and data utilization for the convergence of manufacturing services.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.41-50
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• 2021

Purpose: The importance of entrepreneurship education is increasing as interest in entrepreneurship is increasing around the world. In addition to the US and Europe, which operate advanced entrepreneurship education programs, Korea is also investing a lot of government resources for university centered entrepreneurship education. On the other hand, developing countries, which have high interest in Korea's economic development, are also trying to benchmark this Korean university entrepreneurship education. Research design, data and methodology: This study systematizes experiences such as training on entrepreneurship, science park management, and policy consulting for science, technology parks, and universities in developing countries. Through this, the needs of the relevant countries are analyzed based on the results of previous research, related theories, and policies. Results: As a result of the analysis, four key elements were derived for the establishment of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship ecosystem in developing countries. In addition, the details that these elements can be used in the university entrepreneurship ecosystem are presented in the form of tasks in stages. Conclusions: This study presents factors, including entrepreneurship-based leadership and human resources, structure and program, domestic and international network, and budget as a plan for revitalizing entrepreneurship education in developing countries.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.73-82
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aims to identify the assessment criteria on textile and apparel supply chain management performance. Research design, data, and methodology: An integrated method of Delphi, quantitative survey, and ANP, in which Delphi with Kamet principle was applied to define the set of criteria, quantitative survey with reliability and validity test was utilized to ensure the match between the set of criteria and the whole textile and apparel industry, and ANP was used to derive weights of these criteria. Results: The set of supply chain management performance evaluation criteria composes of seven criteria namely order fulfillment quality, agility, costs, asset management, information sharing, innovation, and product development and 19 sub-criteria. Conclusions: This study theoretical contribution is the proposition of the set of evaluation criteria on supply chain performance. Regarding practical contribution, the study findings are guidelines for T&A companies in assessing and improving their supply chain capability. However, the findings are only for Vietnamese T&A context. Future research, therefore, may be expanded to other regions or countries' T&A industry. Additionally, future step to this study may be the utilization of other techniques of MCDM or methodological approaches like multiple regression, PLSSEM in defining weights of criteria or performance evaluation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 2012

Increasing the fuel economy has been an inevitable issue for the development of new cars, and one of the important measures to improve the fuel economy is to decrease the vehicle weight. In order to obtain this goal, the researches about lighter, stronger and the well impact absorbing bumper impact beam have been studied without sacrificing bumper safety. In this study, the overall weight reduction possibility of rear bumper impact beam could be examined based on the variation of frontal, offset and corner impact crash capability by substituting a ultra high strength steel material (boron steel ) having tensile strength of 1.5 GPa grade instead of conventional steels. In addition, the section variations (open section, closed section, open section with 5 stays) of the bumper impact beam structure were examined carefully. It could be reached that this analysis could be well established and be contributed for design guide and the optimum design conditions of the automotive rear bumper impact beam development.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.25-42
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of internal competence of small business on the competitive advantage and start-up intention. Through this, which key competence of small business can be proposed for market growth against of large companies that have a great capital power. Also, implications for development direction can be suggested. For this purpose, technology capability, financing capability, marketing capability, and product/service differentiation capability factors were set as independent variables, as well as competitive advantage as a mediating factor, and startup intention to be franchiser as a dependent variable. For the analysis, a structured questionnaires survey was conducted to 276 domestic small business in capital area. The main results are as follows. First, in relation to the internal competency and the competitive advantage of small businesses, it was found that technological capabilities, financing capabilities and product (service) differentiation have a positive effect on competitive advantage. Second, the relationship between the internal capacity of a small entity and startup intention to commercialize a franchiser business indicates that its financing capacity and marketing capabilities have a positive effect on startup intention to commercialize the business, and that competitive advantage has a significant effect on startup intention to commercialize the franchise. Third, competitive advantage was found to mediate the relationship between internal competency and startup intention. Finally, it was shown that the internal capacity of a small business has a regulating effect in relation to its financing capacity, marketing capabilities and startup intention to commercialize the franchise, and that it also had a regulating effect in relation to its relationship with its competitive advantage and franchise suitability. Based on the above results, if small business can take competitive advantage in the market, they also consider startup intention to commercialize a franchiser, in addition, it is expected that one suggestion can be made from an internal capacity perspective required more emphasis on operations and management as an alternative to expanding small businesses' business, including market access measures that can be linked to internal capacity factors of small businesses.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3340-3353
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• 2009

This paper aims to study the effect of academia-industrial cooperation on the technical innovation of small and medium-sized companies. A survey was conducted on about 1,100 businesses located in the Sihwa-Banwol industrial estate to analyze the consequence of three factors of academia-industrial cooperation. the joint use of equipments, technological support of universities to businesses, and cooperative technological development through technical guidance-on entrepreneurial capability and their knowledge-absorption ability, and ultimately on their technological innovation,. The validity of the survey result was tested through the Structural Equation Model. On the basis of the comparison between companies which have participated in academy-industry cooperation and companies which have not, this paper suggests that venture businesses should take advantage of the cooperation with universities to boost their competitiveness. The analysis of the three individual factors of the academy-industry cooperation based on the Structural Equation Model shows that all of them have remarkable influence on entrepreneurial capability, but that they don't have as much impact on businesses' knowledge absorption ability. However, the outcome of technological innovation of businesses is primarily influenced by entrepreneurial capability rather than their knowledge absorption ability. The survey also shows that the three factors of the cooperation have an equal impact on the competitiveness of companies regardless of their business type or their products' growth stages. As the companies involved in academy industry cooperation outweigh other businesses, in terms of technological innovation, the numbers of new product development, and the numbers of their process improvement cases, this paper argues that new strategies should be taken for the businesses to fully take advantage of academy-industry cooperation.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.283-289
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• 2019

Recently, product mobility, data compatibility and communication connectivity have become very important to the control system, depending on the application of smart manufacturing. Accordingly, embedded systems are essential in all industries including home appliances, telecommunication, and national defense. Therefore, the demand for embedded system development personnel is increasing further, and education and training programs are needed to combine the practical skills of industrial sites, including programming skills and hardware. Currently, embedded system education offers a variety of education centered on Aduino, but this is mostly for beginners and is not sufficient for majors. In addition, while various prototype studies related to embedded systems are active, the training and training programs for working-level human resources needed at industrial sites are very scarce. Therefore, in order to foster the working personnel of the embedded system for the application of smart manufacturing, this paper selected the capability unit through in-depth interviews and survey analysis of 10 experts based on NCS, and developed education and training programs and contents.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.761-784
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to introduce the development trend of international standard in the innovative management system and propose the application method of the standard for SME certification system. Methods: This study is based on literature studies and case studies considering the initial stage of development of standards as well as lack of domestic and international research examples. In the literature review, we focused on the characteristics of the innovation management system standards at the national, regional and global level. We examined case studies of Spain and Portugal as case studies. Besides, the evaluation items and certification status of domestic innovative SMEs certification were also searched to find out how to introduce them in Korea. Results: The results of this study can be summarized in three major points. First, new international standards of innovation management are being developed under the ISO management system standard and are currently in the DIS stage. Second, in the case of Spain adopting the national innovation management system standard, it has been reported that the innovation management system standard has a significant effect on the innovation ability and management performance. Third, it was not easy to establish a standardized innovation process between the innovation based on creativity and the standardized based product. The Oslo manual was not enough to provide enough guidance in this area. Conclusion: Companies that want to strengthen their organizational innovation capabilities from a management system point of view and Policymakers that want to plan the upgrading and integrated certification operating system of the domestic innovation SME certification need to consider the ISO 50500 series as a global level standard other than the Oslo manual.

• Journal of East Asia Management
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.53-77
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• 2023

Modern company faces an uncertain future and a competitive environment and are seeking new technologies and creative products to ensure the corporate growth and survival in the market through continuous innovation. "University Industry Cooperation(UIC)" is a point of contact for overcoming the crisis faced by companies and universities in this era and a cooperation platform for mutual prosperity. As a subsidiary of a university, "Technology Holding Company(THC)" is attracting attention as a new window for UIC in Korea. The role of THC is to establish and foster the business opportunities of their subsidiaries and to return investment profits to the university ecosystem again. But recently, the life cycle of technology is getting shorter, and the development cost is steadily increasing. In particular, with the increase of hybrid projects based on convergence and combination, the risk of conducting research(R&D) and new product development(NPD) projects is gradually increasing. A PMO refers to a project management organization that can contribute to improving the success rate of projects with increasing uncertainty by supporting project visibility and appropriate decision-making. The purpose of this study is to raise a research question on whether THC's corporate performance can be improved when "Project Management System(PMO Service)" is introduced into the subsidiary incubation system of THC. This study proposes several research methods to identify the relationship between the introduction of PMO and the corporate performance of THC.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.61-118
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to construct research framework for international franchising based on existing literature and to identify research components in the framework. Franchise can be defined as management styles that allow franchisee use various management assets of franchisor in order to make or sell product or service. It can be divided into product distribution franchise that is designed to sell products and business format franchise that is designed for running it as business whatever its form is. International franchising can be defined as a way of internationalization of franchisor to foreign country by providing its business format or package to franchisee of host country. International franchising is growing fast for last four decades but academic research on this is quite limited. Especially in Korea, research about international franchising is carried out on by case study format with single case or empirical study format with survey based on domestic franchise theory. Therefore, this paper tries to review existing literature on international franchising research, providing research framework, and then stimulating new research on this field. International franchising research components include motives and environmental factors for decision of expanding to international franchising, entrance modes and development plan for international franchising, contracts and management strategy of international franchising, and various performance measures from different perspectives. First, motives of international franchising are fee collection from franchisee. Also it provides easier way to expanding to foreign country. The other motives including increase total sales volume, occupying better strategic position, getting quality resources, and improving efficiency. Environmental factors that facilitating international franchising encompasses economic condition, trend, and legal or political factors in host and/or home countries. In addition, control power and risk management capability of franchisor plays critical role in successful franchising contract. Final decision to enter foreign country via franchising is determined by numerous factors like history, size, growth, competitiveness, management system, bonding capability, industry characteristics of franchisor. After deciding to enter into foreign country, franchisor needs to set entrance modes of international franchising. Within contractual mode, there are master franchising and area developing franchising, licensing, direct franchising, and joint venture. Theories about entrance mode selection contain concepts of efficiency, knowledge-based approach, competence-based approach, agent theory, and governance cost. The next step after entrance decision is operation strategy. Operation strategy starts with selecting a target city and a target country for franchising. In order to finding, screening targets, franchisor needs to collect information about candidates. Critical information includes brand patent, commercial laws, regulations, market conditions, country risk, and industry analysis. After selecting a target city in target country, franchisor needs to select franchisee, in other word, partner. The first important criteria for selecting partners are financial credibility and capability, possession of real estate. And cultural similarity and knowledge about franchisor and/or home country are also recognized as critical criteria. The most important element in operating strategy is legal document between franchisor and franchisee with home and host countries. Terms and conditions in legal documents give objective information about characteristics of franchising agreement for academic research. Legal documents have definitions of terminology, territory and exclusivity, agreement of term, initial fee, continuing fees, clearing currency, and rights about sub-franchising. Also, legal documents could have terms about softer elements like training program and operation manual. And harder elements like law competent court and terms of expiration. Next element in operating strategy is about product and service. Especially for business format franchising, product/service deliverable, benefit communicators, system identifiers (architectural features), and format facilitators are listed for product/service strategic elements. Another important decision on product/service is standardization vs. customization. The rationale behind standardization is cost reduction, efficiency, consistency, image congruence, brand awareness, and competitiveness on price. Also standardization enables large scale R&D and innovative change in management style. Another element in operating strategy is control management. The simple way to control franchise contract is relying on legal terms, contractual control system. There are other control systems, administrative control system and ethical control system. Contractual control system is a coercive source of power, but franchisor usually doesn't want to use legal power since it doesn't help to build up positive relationship. Instead, self-regulation is widely used. Administrative control system uses control mechanism from ordinary work relationship. Its main component is supporting activities to franchisee and communication method. For example, franchisor provides advertising, training, manual, and delivery, then franchisee follows franchisor's direction. Another component is building franchisor's brand power. The last research element is performance factor of international franchising. Performance elements can be divided into franchisor's performance and franchisee's performance. The conceptual performance measures of franchisor are simple but not easy to obtain objectively. They are profit, sale, cost, experience, and brand power. The performance measures of franchisee are mostly about benefits of host country. They contain small business development, promotion of employment, introduction of new business model, and level up technology status. There are indirect benefits, like increase of tax, refinement of corporate citizenship, regional economic clustering, and improvement of international balance. In addition to those, host country gets socio-cultural change other than economic effects. It includes demographic change, social trend, customer value change, social communication, and social globalization. Sometimes it is called as westernization or McDonaldization of society. In addition, the paper reviews on theories that have been frequently applied to international franchising research, such as agent theory, resource-based view, transaction cost theory, organizational learning theory, and international expansion theories. Resource based theory is used in strategic decision based on resources, like decision about entrance and cooperation depending on resources of franchisee and franchisor. Transaction cost theory can be applied in determination of mutual trust or satisfaction of franchising players. Agent theory tries to explain strategic decision for reducing problem caused by utilizing agent, for example research on control system in franchising agreements. Organizational Learning theory is relatively new in franchising research. It assumes organization tries to maximize performance and learning of organization. In addition, Internalization theory advocates strategic decision of direct investment for removing inefficiency of market transaction and is applied in research on terms of contract. And oligopolistic competition theory is used to explain various entry modes for international expansion. Competency theory support strategic decision of utilizing key competitive advantage. Furthermore, research methodologies including qualitative and quantitative methodologies are suggested for more rigorous international franchising research. Quantitative research needs more real data other than survey data which is usually respondent's judgment. In order to verify theory more rigorously, research based on real data is essential. However, real quantitative data is quite hard to get. The qualitative research other than single case study is also highly recommended. Since international franchising has limited number of applications, scientific research based on grounded theory and ethnography study can be used. Scientific case study is differentiated with single case study on its data collection method and analysis method. The key concept is triangulation in measurement, logical coding and comparison. Finally, it provides overall research direction for international franchising after summarizing research trend in Korea. International franchising research in Korea has two different types, one is for studying Korean franchisor going overseas and the other is for Korean franchisee of foreign franchisor. Among research on Korean franchisor, two common patterns are observed. First of all, they usually deal with success story of one franchisor. The other common pattern is that they focus on same industry and country. Therefore, international franchise research needs to extend their focus to broader subjects with scientific research methodology as well as development of new theory.