• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.71-91
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• 2022

The legal integration in the European Union that seeks a unified system in consumer disputes and the German Consumer Dispute Mediation Act based on this pursues the procedural fairness of consumer disputes and the equality of results. The role and legal status of the dispute mediator, who plays a very important role in this process, and the stable operation of the dispute resolution system and the guarantee of reasonable results through the guarantee of fairness and independence are very important values. In particular, the dispute mediator under the Act is conceptually different from the existing mediator or mediator, and through this distinction, the duties and contents of the dispute mediator are also distinguished. For this reason, the qualifications of dispute mediators that affect the outcome of dispute mediation are strictly stipulated. There have been some criticisms of this strictness, and such strictness is also seen as an excessive limitation. However, these standards can be understood as one of the efforts to make the dispute mediation procedure more systematic and to operate objectively in accordance with laws and procedures. In addition, in relation to the issue of independence and impartiality of the dispute mediator, the status of the dispute mediator is guaranteed in various aspects. In economic terms, it is not influenced by external factors, and furthermore, in order to guarantee job stability, the results of job security and dispute resolution are not linked. By examining the appropriate level of discipline for these dispute mediators, we expect the developmental growth of the consumer dispute resolution system under our Act.

• Proceedings of the Korea Database Society Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.187-194
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• 1999

Case-Based Reasoning(CBR) systems support ill structured decision-making. The measure of the success of a CBR system depends on its ability to retrieve the most relevant previous cases in support of the solution of a new case. One of the methodologies widely used in existing CBR systems to retrieve previous cases is that of the Nearest Neighbor(NN) matching function. The NN matching function is based on assumptions of the independence of attributes in previous case and the availability of rules and procedures for matching.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06c
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• pp.548-553
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• 2001

Recently, much attention is imposed on the design of the fuel assemblies in the Pressurized Light Water Reactor (PWR). Spacer grid is one of the main structural components in a fuel assembly. It supports fuel rods, guides cooling water and protects the system from the external impact loads. Various space grids have been proposed and new designs are also being created. In this research, a new spacer grid is designed by the axiomatic approach. The Independence Axiom is utilized for the design. For conceptual design, functional requirements (FRs) are defined and corresponding design parameters (DPs) are found to satisfy FRs in sequence. Overall configuration and shapes are determined in this process. Detail design is carried out based on the result of the axiomatic design. For the detail design, the system performances are evaluated by using linear and nonlinear finite element analysis. The dimensions are determined by optimization. Some commercial codes are utilized for the analysis and design.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1623-1630
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• 2002

Recently, much attention is imposed on the design of the fuel assemblies in the Pressurized Light Water Reactor (PWR). Spacer grid is one of the main structural components in a fuel assembly. It supports fuel rods, guides cooling water, and maintains a coolable geometry from the external impact loads. In this research, a new shape of the spacer grid is designed by the axiomatic approach. The Independence axiom is utilized for the design. For conceptual design, functional requirements (FRs) are defined and corresponding design parameters (DPs) are found to satisfy FRs in sequence. Overall configuration and shapes are determined in this process. Detail design is carried out based on the result of the axiomatic design. For the detail design, the system performances are evaluated by using linear and nonlinear finite element analysis. The dimensions are determined by optimization. Some commercial codes are utilized for the analysis and design.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the nurses' recognition extent of nursing power and related factors. It was performed in a private university hospital using questionaire papers from Jul. 11 to Jul. 20, 1993. The collected data were in number of 209, and they were handled and analyzed by computer program (SPSS). Through above process, we got meaningful results as follow. 1. The factor concerned with whether the nursing department show its independent power or not was 4.1 on an average. Consequently above results showed that the independent power roles as a important factor. The factor concerned with study and research was 3.9 on an average. So that the extension of learning was also a comparatively important nursing power. But ensuring good material environment was merely 1.6 on an average. So it was understood as less important nursing power. 2. Between the factor concerned with enforcement of independence of nursing department and the factor concerned with extension of learning, there was positive correlation of 0.32 Pearson's Correlation Coefficent. It can be interpreted as the effort of extension of learning go side by side with the showing of independent power of nursing department. As a result the power of nursing become strong. And between the factor concerned with enforcenment of independence of nursing department and the ensuring o(good material environment, there was negative correlation of -0.28 Pearson's Correaltion Coefficint. It can be interpreted as the stronger the independent power of nursing, the more overlooked the recognized of material environment of nurses.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.867-875
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• 2020

Quality internal audit (IA) plays a crucial role in accountability, transparency and preserving public properties. This paper gives a brief background of the IA system in Yemen and examines its impact with regards to financial performance in Yemeni commercial banks based on five factors: (i) independence of IAs, (ii) adherence to IA standards, (iii) governance principles implementation, (iv) size of the IA, and (v) frequency of internal audits committees' meetings. The primary data for the study were collected through a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. Fifty questionnaires were distributed out of which forty-two were retrieved and valid in the analysis process. For the empirical analysis, descriptive analysis and T-test were used for verification of the research hypotheses. Results revealed that sticking to standards internal audit, internal auditors' independence and quality governance have significant impact on banks' financial performance, while the size of internal audits committees, as well as their meeting, frequently has insignificant positive impact on banks' performance. Moreover, the country results show that the use of automated internal audit in banks has an impact on improving financial performance. This article provides avenues for further studies, mainly in developing countries, including Yemen, in quality internal audit and financial performance.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.12 no.3_4
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• pp.235-250
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• 2013

Optimal sensor placement (OSP) technique plays a key role in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of large-scale structures. According to the mathematical background and implicit assumptions made in the triaxial effective independence (EfI) method, this paper presents a novel multi-dimensional OSP method for the Canton Tower focusing on application demands. In contrast to existing methods, the presented method renders the corresponding target mode shape partitions as linearly independent as possible and, at the same time, maintains the stability of the modal matrix in the iteration process. The modal assurance criterion (MAC), determinant of the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) and condition number of the FIM have been taken as the optimal criteria, respectively, to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Numerical investigations suggest that the proposed method outperforms the original EfI method in all instances as expected, which is looked forward to be even more pronounced should it be used for other multi-dimensional optimization problems.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.5_spc
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• pp.29-43
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• 2006

With longevity (75 years plus and still increasing) now commonly achievable, the new challenge for individuals and society is less concerned with adding more years to life, though that remains important, and more with adding life to years. To explore the quality of long life more fully, a concept broader than healthy ageing or active ageing is needed. For this purpose, the present article describes a framework of Positive Ageing, also known as Successful Ageing, which views the quality of long life as comprising good health, physical and cognitive functional independence, and meaningful engagement with life. Narrowly defined, it refers to old people ageing well in all these aspects. More broadly defined, it refers to ageing well from midlife on. The framework also identifiesvariables that may affect the process of ageing positively. These variables include the social-cognitive styles of control, humour and future-time perspective on the one hand, and on the other hand, resources based on finance, social network and lifestyle.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.199-206
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• 2020

I suggested the design learning environment based on affordance concept approach for supporting and improving learners' behavior and outcome for convergent design education in this study. The design learning space should be applied teaching and learning activity, especially learners' behavior, physical space condition to support the design thinking process. The design learning space needs openness, individuality and connectivity to support the learners' behavioral to immerse, participate, cooperate, understand, think and fulfill the design thinking process. The composition principles of the learning environment for convergent design education supports communication and collaboration among members for independence and interaction. The spaces for design research and teaching needs high privacy while facilitating visual communications through special materials and wall structure design. Also, for connectivity to improve the learners' physical and visual contact, the environment of the classrooms requires flexibility and mobility by providing an open space integrating unit cells for realizing learning purpose. These are provided by formed of an open structure for inducing visual communication and physical contact to involve the design activities and the mutual interchange.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.33 no.5_6
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• pp.607-625
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• 2015

Recently, Wang et al. [Computers and Mathematics with Ap-plications 57 (2009) 1232-1248.] and Wang and Watada [Information Sci-ences 179 (2009) 4057-4069.] studied the renewal process and renewal reward process with fuzzy random inter-arrival times and rewards under the T-independence associated with any continuous Archimedean t-norm. But, their main results do not cover the classical theory of the random elementary renewal theorem and random renewal reward theorem when fuzzy random variables degenerate to random variables, and some given assumptions relate to the membership function of the fuzzy variable and the Archimedean t-norm of the results are restrictive. This paper improves the results of Wang and Watada and Wang et al. from a mathematical per-spective. We release some assumptions of the results of Wang and Watada and Wang et al. and completely generalize the classical stochastic renewal theorem and renewal rewards theorem.