• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.254-268
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• 2011

Fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene are juvenile hormone mimic insecticide. These insecticides have been widely used for mosquito, fly, scale insects, and Lepidoptera. The purpose of this study was to develop a simultaneous determination procedure of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene residues in crops using HPLC-UVD/MS. These insecticide residues were extracted with acetone from representative samples of four raw products which comprised brown rice, apple, green pepper, and Chinese cabbage. The extract was diluted with saline water, and then n-hexane/dichloromethane partition was followed to recover these insecticides from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final clean up of the extract. The analytes were quantitated by HPLC-UVD/MS, using a $C_{18}$ column. The crops were fortified with each insecticide at 3 levels per crop. Mean recovery ratios were ranged from 80.0 to 104.3% in four representative agricultural commodities. The coefficients of variation were less than 4.8%. Quantitative limit of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, and methoprene was 0.04 mg/kg in crop samples. A HPLC-UVD/MS with selected-ion monitoring was also provided to confirm the suspected residues. The proposed simultaneous analysis method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residues of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene in the agricultural commodities.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2012

Exposure and risk assessments were conducted to evaluate the relative safety of mixing/loading work of indoxacarb between wettable powder (WP) and water dispersible granule (WG). Hand exposure was monitored using cotton gloves while inhalation exposure was measured using personal air monitor. Method validation for the exposure monitoring was established successfully through several experiments. Limit of determination and limit of quantitation were 0.25 and 1 ng, respectively. $R^2$ of calibration curve linearity was more than 0.9999 and reproducibility was 0.7-6. Recovery of indoxacarb from gloves, solid sorbent and glass fiber filter at three different levels was 81.5-108.8%. Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests gave 981.5-108.8% of recovery. During mixing/loading procedure, hand exposure amount (75 percentile of 30 repetitions) for indoxacarb WP was 6 folds (459.8 mg/kg a.i) than that of WG (81.4 mg/kg a.i). This result indicates that WG has less drift than WP thanks to its granular type of formulation. Inhalation amount was $10^{-8}-10^{-7}%$ of spray mixture prepared and $10^{-4}-10^{-3}%$ of hand exposure. In inhalation case, no significant differences were observed between two formulations. Margin of safety was calculated for risk assessment using male Korean average body weight and acceptable operator exposure level as the important exposure factors. Mixing/loading procedures for both of the formulations were considered to be of least risk because calculated MOS values were more than 1.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2005

Purpose : We recently perform the latest radiotheraphy (3D conformal, IMRT,etc.) with the development of 3D CT planning technology. However, in case patients with breast cancer, it is difficult to acquire the CT image with the limitation of CT hole size and tilting of breast immobilization device. The Ewha Breast Device(EBD) was constructed to improve the problem in the treatment of patients with breast cancer and we are intend to introduce the procedure of the EBD construction in this study and compare the EBD with conventional breast device in the view point of usefulness. Materials and Methods : We have constructed the EBD with acryl, analyze the skull size with CT data, consider the skin folder in SCL field and evaluated the EBD usefulness from the view point of set-up reproducibility, dose distribution, skin reaction in comparison with conventional breast device. Results : In the case of patients set-up error analysis, the EBD is superior to conventional device in portal film repetition($\%$) check (80pt.), equal to that in simulation & CT image coincidence check(5pt.). There is no difference between the two systems in dose distribution and skin reaction in SCL field is better the EBD than conventional device. Conclusions : The construction of the EBD enable us to perform the latest radiotheraphy in breast treatments, relieve the pains in simulation, and reduce, the skin reaction. In the future, we expect that modification of the EBD is useful in treating for patients with breast cancer.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2003

I. Purpose Brachytherapy is the main component in treatment of patients with uterine cervical cancer. The reproducibility of applicator position in the same patient at repeated treatments was very important for accurate dose delivery. It was aimed to evaluate the change of applicator location between each high dose rate(HDR) brachytherapy insertion in the patients with uterine cervical cancer. II. Materials and Methods From January 1999 to October 2001, total 52 patients were treated with external beam radiotherapy and HDR brachytherapy (Microselectron, Nucletron). During six to seven times of brachytherapy, all patients had three treatment plans. From the orthogonal radiographs, we measured the following variables; height from upper border of pubic bone to os (HPO), distance from sacral promontory to tip of tandem (DST), distance from coccyx to os (DCO), distance from tip of right ovoid to os (DRO), distance from tip of left ovoid to os (DLO), and distance from center of the first tandem source to ovoid (DTO). To evaluate the reproducibility of applicator position, it was calculated the standard deviation of differences between three insertions for the 7 parameters in each patient. III. Results The ranges of standard deviations of interfractional differences for the variables were as follows. 1)HPO : $0{\sim}0.79cm$ 2)DST : $0{\sim}0.9cm$ 3)DCO : $0.06{\sim}0.76cm$ 4)DRO : $0{\sim}0.53cm$ 5)DLO : $0{\sim}0.45cm$ 6) DTO $0{\sim}0.36cm$ IV. Conclusions There was some change in applicator position on repeated implants in our study. But variation of the interfractional differences was minimal; in all parameters, there were less than 1 cm. We are continued to try for reducing the geometric variation between each procedure.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2006

Purpose: IMRT quality assurance(Q.A) is consist of the absolute dosimetry using ionization chamber and relative dosimetry using the film. We have in general used 0.015 cc ionization chamber, because small size and measure the point dose. But this ionization chamber is too small to give an accurate measurement value. In this study, we have examined the degree of calculated to measured dose difference in intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) based on the observed/expected ratio using various kinds of ion chambers, which were used for absolute dosimetry. Materials and Methods: we peformed the 6 cases of IMRT sliding-window method for head and neck cases. Radiation was delivered by using a Clinac 21EX unit(Varian, USA) generating a 6 MV x-ray beam, which is equipped with an integrated multileaf collimator. The dose rate for IMRT treatment is set to 300 MU/min. The ion chamber was located 5cm below the surface of phantom giving 100cm as a source-axis distance(SAD). The various types of ion chambers were used including 0.015cc(pin point type 31014, PTW. Germany), 0.125 cc(micro type 31002, PTW, Germany) and 0.6 cc(famer type 30002, PTW, Germany). The measurement point was carefully chosen to be located at low-gradient area. Results: The experimental results show that the average differences between plan value and measured value are ${\pm}0.91%$ for 0.015 cc pin point chamber, ${\pm}0.52%$ for 0.125 cc micro type chamber and ${\pm}0.76%$ for farmer type 0.6cc chamber. The 0.125 cc micro type chamber is appropriate size for dose measure in IMRT. Conclusion: IMRT Q.A is the important procedure. Based on the various types of ion chamber measurements, we have demonstrated that the dose discrepancy between calculated dose distribution and measured dose distribution for IMRT plans is dependent on the size of ion chambers. The reason is small size ionization chamber have the high signal-to-noise ratio and big size ionization chamber is not located accurate measurement point. Therefore our results suggest the 0.125 cc farmer type chamber is appropriate size for dose measure in IMRT.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

Purpose: In arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, the crucial step is secure fixation of Anchor to bone. However, osteoporosis of the tuberosity is frequently encountered in old patients, and can cause insecure fixation of anchors. The Aim of our study was to introduce a technique for anchor hole augmentation with bone cement when fixation failure of an anchor occurs, and to investigate the outcome. Materials and methods: Among 223 rotator cuff repairs performed between 2005 and 2009, anchor hole augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate was performed in 15 cases (all females; mean age of 65 years: range 49~77). Bone cement was injected into the anchor hole in a thick fluid state and the procedure was repeated to make a pot-like cement mantle. The anchor was inserted into the cement mantle while the cement hardened. The outcome was investigated, on average, at 16 months (6~32). Results: Radiographs showed cystic changes of the tuberosity. On follow-up radiographs and MRI, a change in the cement mantle was not noted. The final average UCLA score was 31 (28~35); 6 had excellent, 8 good and 1 fair results (p=0.008). Age-sex matched Constants score was 90 (74~98) (p=0.008). Conclusion: Anchor hole augmentation with bone cement is useful when fixation failure of an anchor is encountered due to bone atrophy. Anchor hole augmentation with bone cement does not negatively influence the outcome.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2000

Purpose : Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) can deliver highly focused radiation to a small and spherical target lesion with very high degree of mechanical accuracy. For non-spherical and large lesions, however, inclusion of the neighboring normal structures within the high dose radiation volume is inevitable in SRT This is to report the beam shaping using the partial closure of the independent jaw in SRT and the verification of dose calculation and the dose display using a home-made soft ware. Materials and Methods : Authors adopted the idea to partially close one or more independent collimator jaw(5) in addition to the circular collimator cones to shield the neighboring normal structures while keeping the target lesion within the radiation beam field at all angles along the arc trajectory. The output factors (OF's) and the tissue-maximum ratios (TMR's) were measured using the micro ion chamber in the water phantom dosimetry system, and were compared with the theoretical calculations. A film dosimetry procedure was peformed to obtain the depth dose profiles at 5 cm, and they were also compared with the theoretical calculations, where the radiation dose would depend on the actual area of irradiation. Authors incorporated this algorithm into the home-made SRT software for the isodose calculation and display, and was tried on an example case with single brain metastasis. The dose-volume histograms (DVH's) of the planning target volume (PTV) and the normal brain derived by the control plan were reciprocally compared with those derived by the plan using the same arc arrangement plus the independent collimator jaw closure. Results : When using 5.0 cm diameter collimator, the measurements of the OF's and the TMR's with one independent jaw set at 30 mm (unblocked), 15.5 mm, 8.6 mm, and 0 mm from th central beam axis showed good correlation to the theoretical calculation within 0.5% and 0.3% error range. The dose profiles at 5 cm depth obtained by the film dosimetry also showed very good correlation to the theoretical calculations. The isodose profiles obtained on the home-made software demonstrated a slightly more conformal dose distribution around the target lesion by using the independent jaw closure, where the DVH's of the PTV were almost equivalent on the two plans, while the DVH's for the normal brain showed that less volume of the normal brain receiving high radiation dose by using this modification than the control plan employing the circular collimator cone only. Conclusions : With the beam shaping modification using the independent jaw closure, authors have realized wider clinical application of SRT with more conformal dose planning. Authors believe that SRT, with beam shaping ideas and efforts, should no longer be limited to the small spherical lesions, but be more widely applied to rather irregularly shaped tumors in the intracranial and the head and neck regions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.275-276
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• 2009

민간단체들에 의하여 자율적으로 시작된 국내 유기농업은 친환경농업육성법(1997. 12.13)이 제정되면서 국가기관의 친환경농업 활성화 노력과 더불어 2008년 유기농재배 농가(8,460호)와 면적(12,033호)이 급격히 증가되었다. 또한 유기농업의 확산과 더불어 화학비료 및 유기합성 농약대체 친환경농자재들의 유통이 증가되고 있으나 관리규정이 없어 검증되지 않은 다양한 농자재들이 유통되어 친환경실천 농가들의 혼란이 초래되어 국정감사 시 문제점으로 지적과 함께 각계에서 관리제도의 필요성이 대두되었다. 친환경농업육성법 시행령 개정(대통령령 제19964호, 2007.3.27.공포, 2007.3.28.시행)으로 농촌진흥청에 친환경농자재심의회가 설치되어 효과와 효능을 검증하지 아니하고 친환경농산물 중 유기농산물 생을 해 사용가능한 자재인지 여부를 검토하여 그 결과를 공개하는 목록공시제가 마련되었다. 친환경유기농자재 목록공시는 1년에 4회 매분기말에 농촌진흥청 농자재관리과에서 접수를 받아 친환경농자재 분야별 전문위원회 검토 후 심의위원회 심의를 거쳐 접수일로부터 90일 이내에 농촌진흥청장이 공시(농진청 홈페이지, 관보게재)하고 친환경농업 관련기관 및 검토 신청자에게 통보함으로서 마무리된다. 목록 공시된 친환경유기농자재의 유효기간은 2년이다. 친환경농자재심의위원회는 토양개량 및 작물생육분야 전문위원회 위원 11명, 병 해충 관리분야 전문위원회 위원 11명 및 심의위원회 의원 20명으로 구성되어 있다. 2007년 3월부터 2009년 11월 30일 현재 목록 공시된 친환경유기농자재 제품은 (1) 양개량용 자재 25 개, (2) 작물생육용 자재 282개, (3) 토양개량 및 작물생육용 자재 308개, (4) 작물병해 관리용 자재 110개, (5) 작물충해 관리용 자재 : 224개, (6) 작물병해충 관리용 자재 5개 및 (7) 기타 자재 1개 제품으로 총 955개 제품에 이르고 있다. 한편, 공시연장 미신청, 현재 검토기준안에 필요로 하는 추가요청 자료 미제출 및 공시이외의 물질 사용으로 국내유통 중 단속되어 부적합한 판정을 받아 20여 제품이 목록공시가 취소되었다. 앞으로 목록 공시되는 친환경유기농자재는 제품의 주성분 함량 표기, 시용효과 검정방법 선, 제조방법 현장점검, 안전성 검정 등 여러가지 제도보완 및 사후관리 방안이 시급히 마련되어야 할 것으로 사려된다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.759-769
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• 2013

Electronic equipment has been applied to virtually every area associated with commercial, industrial, and military applications. Specifically, electronics have been incorporated into avionics components installed in aircraft. This equipment is exposed to dynamic loads such as vibration, shock, and acceleration. Especially, avionics components installed in a helicopter are subjected to simultaneous sine and random base excitations. These are denoted as sine on random vibrations according to MIL-STD-810F, Method 514.5. In the past, isolators have been applied to avionics components to reduce vibration and shock. However, an isolator applied to an avionics component installed in a helicopter can amplify the vibration magnitude, and damage the chassis, circuit card assembly, and the isolator itself via resonance at low-frequency sinusoidal vibrations. The objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of an avionics component installed in a helicopter and the structural dynamic modification of its tray plate without an isolator using both a finite element analysis and experiments. The structure is optimized by dynamic loads that are selected by comparing the vibration, shock, and acceleration loads using vibration and shock response spectra. A finite element model(FEM) was constructed using a simplified geometry and valid element types that reflect the dynamic characteristics. The FEM was verified by an experimental modal analysis. Design parameters were extracted and selected to modify the structural dynamics using topology optimization, and design of experiments(DOE). A prototype of a modified model was constructed and its feasibility was evaluated using an FEM and a performance test.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.187-220
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• 2020

Today, administrative legislation is becoming more and more important in that it not only sets the legal life relationship of the people in great detail and detail, but is closely related to the occurrence, extinction, and alteration of rights and obligations held by prisoners. In the United States, the types of administrative legislation are divided into substantive and interpretative regulations, so-called substantive regulations, which give prior notice and opportunity to comment on interested parties through formal or informal administrative procedures in accordance with Article 553 of the Federal Administrative Procedures Act. On the other hand, the interpretation regulation, which is "the regulation established by the Administration for the simple interpretation of statutes," does not require prior notice or comment because it does not affect the people's rights obligations. The Azar v. Allina Health Service, 587 U.S. 1804, 2019 ruling by the U.S. Constitutional Court, subject to this research paper, is about a dispute over a new decision to require Medicare to determine the amount of compensation for care providers that provide medical services for the poor, and should the regulations be regarded as substantive under the Administrative Procedures Act and should not be given a hearing or a simple internal process for processing. Given that the current administrative procedure law of our country stipulates the procedures for administrative pre-announcement through Articles 42.1 and 44.1, but that our courts have not judged violations of legislative pre-announcement procedures under the Administrative Procedures Act so far as to judge the illegality of administrative legislation, the dispute of the U.S. Constitutional Court will provide new implications for controlling legal orders beyond simple legal interpretation and has great significance in terms of readjustment of relevant regulations under future administrative procedures.