• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2015

Purpose - This research aims to understand the different behaviors of consumers according to cognitive age. Specifically, this research is focused on pro-social behavior. Pro-social behavior is defined as behavior benefiting others, rather than behavior benefiting one's self. It often entails individual risk or cost, such as when giving resources to others, waiting in line, asking for or paying a fair price, or risking one's life in battle. Therefore, we sought to understand consumer psychology and cognitive age as a reflection of inner psychology. People frequently perceive themselves as younger or older than their chronological ages. This self-perceived or cognitive age is a subjective age perception independent of actual chronological age. The discrepancy degree between chronological and cognitive age represents how much individuals perceive themselves as younger than they are. This study examines the gap in donation intention based on cognitive age. In order to investigate cognitive age, composed of four sub-categories (feel-age, look-age, do-age, and interest-age), this study explores the differential donation intention based on cognitive age, which determines the relationship between the young age and old age. Research design, data, and methodology - Data research was conducted by gathering 216 survey samples, excluding those with unreliable answers. Data coding and cleaning were used and SPSS 19.0 software for the data analysis. The respondents were categorized into two types, younger cognitive ages and older cognitive ages. Additionally, we analyzed the moderating variables. In particular, we used cognitive age degree and congruency level (cognitive age low vs. cognitive age high) × (congruency close vs. congruency distant) between - subjects design. First, regression was done to verify the difference between chronological age and cognitive age. Second, a t-test was done to verify the difference of cognitive age level in donations. Third, ANOVA (analysis of variance) was done to verify the difference between cognitive age and congruency in donations. Last, ANOVA was done to verify the difference between cognitive age and moral judgments in donations. Result - The results show most respondents perceive themselves as younger than their chronological ages. In particular, older respondents feel they are younger than their actual age. Moreover, the result of the comparison between low degree and high degree groups of cognitive age, show high donations at the higher degree of cognitive age groups. In addition, the closer the distance to the beneficiaries, the higher the donation in high degree cognitive age groups. The higher moral judgment groups also show relatively high contributions in lower degree cognitive age groups. Conclusions - Donations belong to the category of pro-social behavior reflecting an individual's psychological state. Therefore, it is important in understanding cognitive age. This study implies that it is necessary to take into account both cognitive age and chronological age when segmenting donors. Moreover, this study confirmed that there are different factors affecting the motives behind donations. Thus, it may be utilized to create differential donation strategies.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제18권
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• 의료법학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.133-173
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• 2011

Since mid-1960s the reports from the Surgeon General, the World Health Organization, and other health experts state that there is no risk-free level exposure to smoking and secondhand smoke. Tobacco smoke is made up of more than 7,000 chemicals. Hundreds are toxic, and at least 70 are carcinogens. The chemicals in tobacco smoke reach smoker's lungs quickly every time smoker inhale causing damages immediately. Inhaling even the smallest amount of tobacco smoke can also damage smoker's DNA, which can lead to cancers. Smoking is responsible for more than 87% of lung cancers, but there are a host of other chronic diseases directly related to exposure to tobacco smoke. It's also a major cause of heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease and most of the other diseases. In the United States, each year with more than from 440,000 to 520,000 deaths caused by smoking and exposure to involuntary smoke. They conclude that smoking is the single most important source of preventable morbidity and mortality. The United States of America have about 60-year history of tobacco litigation. Tobacco litigation has been an important tool in tobacco control strategies aimed at limiting the activities of tobacco companies and providing redress to people who have become ill as a result of their use of tobacco products. Tobacco litigation is a kind of tort litigation. Quite often, as in the asbestos and other mass tort litigation episodes, tobacco litigation can play an educational role, warning the public about the magnitude of health risks that might otherwise be less clearly perceived. Tobacco litigation allows smokers, their families or other victims of smoking to sue tobacco companies in order to be compensated for the harm they have suffered. Potential benefits of tobacco litigation include compensation for smoking-related damages, strengthening regulatory activity, publicity, documents disclosure and changing tobacco industry behavior. And also tobacco litigation can limit the political activities of tobacco industry, protect human rights of smokers and non-smokers, increase burden to tobacco price-up and enhance the effects of law and politics in public health.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2019

Agricultural risks are exacerbated by a variety of factors ranging from climatevariability and change, frequent natural disasters, uncertainties in yields and prices, weakrural infrastructure, imperfect markets and lack of financial services including limited spanand design of risk mitigation instruments such as credit and insurance. Indian agriculture has little more than half (53%) of its area still rainfed and this makes it highly sensitive to vagaries of climate causing unstable output. Besides adverse climatic factors, there are man-made disasters such as fire, sale of spurious seeds, adulteration of pesticides and fertilizers etc., and all these severely affect farmers through loss in production and farm income, and are beyond the control of farmers. Hence, crop insurance' is considered to be the promising tool to insulate the farmers from risks faced by them and to sustain them in the agri-business. This paper critically evaluates the performance of recent crop insurance scheme viz., Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bhima Yojana (PMFBY) and its comparative performance with earlier agricultural insurance schemes implemented in the country. It is heartening that, the comparative performance of PMFBY with earlier schemes revealed that, the Government has definitely taken a leap forward in covering more number of farmers and bringing more area under crop insurance with the execution of this new scheme and on this front, it deserves the appreciation in fulfilling the objective for bringing more number of farmers under insurance cover. The use of mobile based technology, reduced number of Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) and smart CCEs, digitization of land record and linking them to farmers' account for faster assessment/settlement of claims are some of the steps that contributed for effective implementation of this new crop insurance scheme. However, inadequate claim payments, errors in loss/yield assessment, delayed claim payment, no direct linkage between insurance companies and farmers are the major shortcomings of this scheme. This calls for revamping the crop insurance program in India from time to time in tune with the dynamic changes in climatic factors on one hand and to provide a safety-net for farmers to mitigate losses arising from climatic shocks on the other. The future research avenues include: insuring the revenue of the farmer (Price × Yield) as in USA and more and more tenant farmers should be brought under insurance by doling out discounts for group coverage of farmers like in Philippines where 20 per cent discount in premium is given for a group of 5-10 farmers, 30 per cent for a group of 10-20 and 40 per cent for a group of >20 farmers.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.480-488
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• 2016

서브프라임 금융위기가 전세계적으로 확산되면서 한국은 금융시장뿐만 아니라 건설경기까지 침체되었다. 실제로 건설산업연구원 발표자료에 따르면 건설경기종합 BSI 추이가 2006년 12월의 80p에서 지속적으로 하락하여 2008년 11월 기준 14.6p까지 추락하였으며 특히 주택부분의 침체수준이 가장 심각하다고 하였다. 이러한 관점에서 본 논문은 글로벌 금융위기 전후 주식, 채권 등 금융시장 변화가 지역별 주택시장에 미치는 영향을 벡터오차수정모형을 통해 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 서울시 강남 및 강북지역 아파트 매매가격지수, 주가 및 회사채수익률을 분석변수로 활용하였다. 본 연구에서는 서브프라임 금융위기 발생 이전인 2000년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지를 Model 1로, 2008년 1월부터 최근 2015년 10월까지를 Model 2로 구분하여 비교분석하였다. 분석결과 경기상승기에는 강남지역 주택시장은 KOSPI와 더불어 매력적인 투자시장으로 자리매김하는 것으로 나타났으나, 경기하락시에는 전반적인 거시경제흐름에 따라 움직이는 것으로 판단된다. 금융시장 변동에 대하여 강북지역 주택시장은 다른 움직임을 나타냈다. 저금리 효과는 경기하락시에 부동산시장 자체적인 시장 리스크가 존재하기 때문에 제한적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.232-238
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• 1998

의성지역의 약용작물 생산현황(生産現況) 및 경영분석(經營分析)을 위하여 약용작물 재배 농가 147호를 대상으로 재배실태와 작물별 소득(所得)을 조사(調査)한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 특화계수(特化計數)가 1이상인 작물은 작약(21.59), 산수유(14.82), 시호(7.90), 지모(6.41), 지황(3.96), 두충(3.44), 목단(2.28), 백지(1.51)순으로 나타났다. 2. 조사농가의 평균 토지이용면적(土地利用面積)은 1.92ha이었는데, 그중 밭이 1.35ha. 논은 0.56ha이었다. 농지분포(農地分布)는 농가당 평균 3.1곳에 10.2필지로 구성되어 있으며, 약용작물부문에 년간 노동투하(勞動投下)는 31.1%를 차지하였다. 3. 조사대상 지역에 재배되고 있는 약용작물은 36개 작물로 농가당 평균 2.4작물이었다. 대표적인 작물은 작약이었는데, 조사농가 147호 가운데 85농가가 참여하여 30.72ha를 재배하고 있었다. 4. 약용작물 재배실태를 보면, 작약, 시호, 택사, 길경, 황기, 감국 등은 재배면적이 줄어드는 추세(趨勢)이고 홍화는 새로운 소득작물(所得作物)로 재배되고 있으며, 더덕, 지모, 지황, 원황정, 백출 등은 재배 면적이 늘어났다. 5. 36개 약용작물중 10a당 평균소득이 높은 작물은 홍화(2,775천원), 원황정 (2,706천원), 일천궁(2,573천원) 등의 순이었으나 재배농가에서는 농가여건에 부응하면서 위험부담이 적고 가격안정(價格安定)이 기대되는 작물을 선택하여 농가 수준에서 부가가치(附加漂値)를 최대한 증대(增大)시켜야 할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.79-93
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• 2019

본 연구는 VPIN(volume synchronized probability of informed trading, 거래량 기반 정보거래확률)의 KOSPI200과 KOSPI200 선물에 대한 설명력과 예측력을 분석하였다. 실증분석결과 발견된 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 동일시차의 회귀분석결과 VPIN의 수준이 높은 경우 KOSPI200의 수익률과 변동성이 높게 나타났다. 둘째, VPIN 측정 전후의 KOSPI200 수익률과 KOSPI200 선물의 수익률은 VPIN과 양(+)의 관계를 보였으며, VPIN을 측정한 시점 이후 KOSPI200 누적수익률에 약 10분까지 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다, 그리고 KOSPI200 선물의 누적수익률은 약 15분까지 양(+)의 값을 보였다. 마지막으로 10분위로 구분한 포트폴리오별 결과, VPIN의 수준이 높은 포트폴리오는 KOSPI200수익률과 KOSPI200 선물수익률이 높게 관찰되고 있는 점을 발견하였으며, 이러한 결과는 거래전략 지표로서의 VPIN의 활용가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과는 사전적으로 KOSPI200과 KOSPI200 선물 시장의 변동성 예측과 미래가격 변화를 탐색할 수 있는 측정치로 금융시장에서 발생하는 위험에 대한 예고지표로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.195-216
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• 2013

본 연구는 국제물가 변동이 국내물가와 수출물가에 미치는 영향을 벡터오차수정모형(VECM)을 이용하여 분석하고 국제통상거래 균형 또는 흑자 유지를 위한 정부 및 기업의 대응방안을 논의하였다. 국제원자재가격 및 국제원유가격등이 국내물가에 미치는 영향 정도를 분석한 결과 수입물가, 생산자물가, 소비자물가의 순서로 상대적으로 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 세계경제위기 이전과 이후를 비교할 때 국제원자재가격의 영향이 증대되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 국제물가 변동 충격의 상당부분을 수입업자나 생산자가 흡수함에 따라 최종소비자에 대한 물가상승 영향은 줄어들었으나 국제통상거래를 하는 수입업자 및 생산자에게는 큰 영향을 주고 있음을 알 수 있다. 한편 수출물가의 경우에는 환율과 국제원자재가격의 변동의 영향력이 상대적으로 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실증분석 결과를 바탕으로 국내물가 안정 및 기업경쟁력 확보를 위한 정부의 정책 대안과 기업의 대응 방안을 모색하였다. 정부의 경우에는 국내물가의 안정을 기본적인 기조로 유지하되 총수요정책의 적정 운용 및 물가안정화 장기 대책등을 펴나가야 한다. 단기적으로는 총수요 관리 정책 실시와 함께 물가상승기대심리에 따른 인플레이션 현상을 차단하는 정책을 실시하여야 한다. 장기적으로는 국제선물시장을 통한 헤지 활동, 국제원자재의 직접 조달원 개척, 정책보험 활용, 교역상대국간 관세 인하 또는 철폐 등과 같이 기업들의 통상교역활동에 대한 지원정책을 펴나가야 한다. 한편 수출입기업을 비롯한 기업들의 경우에는 국제원자재를 저렴하고 안정적으로 공급받을 수 있도록 자원개발 및 선물시장을 통한 가격변동 헤징 등을 수행할 수 있는 체계를 갖추어 나가야 할 것이다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.325-342
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• 2018

The Korea Emissions Trading Scheme ( K-ETS), which manages roughly 70% of the greenhouse gas emissions in South Korea, was initiated in 2015, after implementation of its 1st basic plan and the 1st allocation plan (2014) for the 1st phase (2015-2017). During the three and a half years since the launch of K-ETS, there have been critical policy change such as adjustment of the institutions involved, development and revision of the 2030 national GHG reduction roadmap, and change in the allocation plans. Moreover, lack of liquidity and fluctuation of carbon prices in the K-ETS market during this period has forced the Korean government to adjust the flexibility mechanism and auction permits of the market stability reserve. To evaluate the policy change in the K-ETS regarding conformance to its objectives, this study defines three objectives (Environmental Effectiveness, Cost Effectiveness and Economic Efficiency) and ten indicators. Evaluation of Environmental Effectiveness of K-ETS suggests that the national GHG reduction roadmap, coverage of GHG emitters and credibility of MRV positively affect GHG mitigation. However, there was a negative policy change implemented in 2017 that weakened the emission cap during the 1st phase. In terms of the Cost Effectiveness, the K-ETS policies related to market management and flexibility mechanism (e.g. banking, borrowing and offsets) were improved to deal with the liquidity shortage and permit price increase, which were caused by policy uncertainty and conservative behavior of firms during 2016-2018. Regarding Economic Efficiency, K-ETS expands benchmark?based allocation and began auction-based allocation; nevertheless, free allocation is being applied to sectors with high carbon leakage risk during the 2nd phase (2018-2020). As a result, it is worth evaluating the K-ETS policies that have been developed with respect to the three main objectives of ETS, considering the trial?and?error approach that has been followed since 2015. This study suggests that K-ETS policy should be modified to strengthen the emission cap, stabilize the market, expand auction-based allocation and build K-ETS specified funds during the 3rd phase (2021-2025).

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2019

본 연구는 전통시장의 상인을 중심으로 사업성과에 미치는 영향을 고찰하여 전통시장의 핵심 성공 요인이 무엇인가를 분석하는데 연구의 초점을 두고 있다. 기존 창업 관련 연구에 기초하여 상인의 특성으로 심리적 특성, 역량, 시장의 물리적 특성을 고려하였다. 분석결과 상인의 내적특성인 위험감수도, 상인의 자부심은 사업성과에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 상인의 역량 중 상품 역량, 고객관리 역량, 가격 역량은 사업성과에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 시장의 물리적 특성 중 명성, 상품의 다양성은 사업성과에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 사업만족도의 매개역할을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 전통시장 상인의 사업성과에 상인의 내적인 특성과 역량, 그리고 시장의 물리적 특성에 대한 관련성을 경험적으로 입증하였다는데 의의가 있으며, 이러한 연구결과를 통해서 전통시장 활성화 전략 수립, 정부 지원에 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 본 연구결과의 한계점은 시장 상인의 상품의 경우 업종별 차이가 있을 수 있는데 이러한 업종별 차이를 규명하지 못했다. 추후 연구에서는 상인의 업종별 역량이나 사업성과와의 관련성에 대한 경험적 연구들이 지속되어야 할 것이다.