• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2011

Background: Adult patients with intellectual disabilities often strongly resist the anesthetic administration for dental procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of midazolam premedication in improving the cooperation level of patients who are likely to be combative and irritated during general anesthesia (GA) induction. Methods: The patients who had received dental treatment under ambulatory GA for more than two times were included. And we selected 13 patients total that needed physical restraint or ketamine IM prior to induction at the first GA, and were prescribed midazolam tablet (7.5-15 mg) at the following GA. We reviewed pre-anesthetic records and anesthesia records, and evaluated cooperative levels of patients (4 levels scale) during anesthesia induction and recovery time retrospectively. Results: All 13 patients (Male 11, Female 2) had severe mental disabilities. The average age of the patients was 24 ${\pm}$ 7 (13-37) years and their average weight was 58 ${\pm}$ 16 (34-91) kg. At the first GA, 10 patients needed physical restraint prior to induction (level 3). And 3 patients were so poorly cooperative that the induction procedure was performed after intramuscular injection of ketamine (level 4). But after the midazolam intake, 7 patients were willing to receive the anesthetic induction (level 1, 2), and 6 patient needed physical restraint (P < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in the duration of general anesthesia and postoperative recovery. Conclusions: Oral intake of midazolam was effective in improvement of cooperation without any complications.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2001

Antagonistic effects of atipamezole(50, 100, 200, 400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.m.) on sedation induced with xylazine (2 mg/kg, i.m.) were evaluated in dogs. Atipamezole at doses of 100~400$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg effectively reversed sedation, and the arousal time, standing time and total recovery time were significantly shortened. The optimal action of atipamezole was seen at a dose of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. At this dose recovery from sedation was quick and smooth, and adverse effects such as hyperactivity or tachycardia were minimal with or without atropine premedication.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Behaviour management and dental procedures performed in very young, pre-cooperative, highly anxious, or medically disabled children are challenging tasks. Various drugs and methods have, however, been introduced to facilitate treatment for this patient population. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine used as an adjunct to behavior management techniques in the dental treatment of pediatric patients. Midazolam can be used as a safe and effective drug for conscious sedation, general anesthetic premedication, and treatment of seizures during dental procedures. Nevertheless, further research involving pediatric patients would be beneficial.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-32
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• 2006

In order to indentify the effect of Astragali Radix(A.R) on cyclophosphamide(C.Y) induced leukopenia, A.R. extracts(EAR) were treated to mice orally, and blood sampling was done by periods. For the in vivo experiments, mice were divided into 4 groups, which treated EAR before, or after C.Y injection, or both, or none. Rapid normalization in the peripheral blood count of WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, RBC, and platelets observed in every EAR treated group regardless of the treatment periods of EAR. These studies suggest that, A.R. premedication can be effective in protection of bone marrow suppression during anticancer therapy.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.483-490
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• 1973

저자는 소아치과 환자의 일반적인 치료시 흔히 나타나는 과민성, 불협조, 공포감 등의 아동 취급상의 난점들을 심리적인 충격없이 해소함을 목적으로 Demerol, Phenergan과 Atarax들의 약제를 치료전에 준비투약 함으로써 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 일반 소아과에서 사용되는 약물용량보다 소아치과 외래환자에선 2배의 용량에서 만족스러운 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 2) 용량결정에 있어서 최초 투약용량을 정확히 산출함으로써 준비투약의 성공을 가져올 수 있었다. 3) 준비투약의 성공은 일정한 기간후 환자의 recall appointment시 준비투약 없이도 보다 나은 협조을 얻을 수 있었다. 4) Demerol, Phenergan, Atarax사용에 있어서 그 부작용은 거의 무시할 수 있을 정도로 경한 것이였으며 환자의 심리적인 지원을 갖어 올 수 있어 아동 취급상에 큰 효과를 얻을 수 있있다.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.6 no.1 s.10
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• pp.6-12
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• 2006

IV Deep sedation is useful for Waardenburg syndrome Child undergoing extensive dental treatment. We experienced a case of dental treatment under W deep sedation in a 3 years old boy with Waardenburg syndrome. He was treated on an outpateint basis. He was diagnosed hypothyroidism and received thyroid hormone. Premedication was done using ketamine and atropine IM. Induction using $N_2O$-enflurane mask ventilation was uneventful and intravenous cathetering was carried out. IV deep sedation was maintained with midazolam-$N_2O$ combination. After monitoring the patient for 2 hours and confirming his recovery, he was discharged from the day care unit. In summary, we report this successful IV Deep sedation management of Waardenburg syndrome child during dental treatment in as out patient.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.317-320
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• 1973

Two cases of rampant dental caries patients, 5 year old and 3 year old male, were treated; and got following results: 1) Early treatment of rampant dentral caries is emphasized to obtain favorable treatment results. 2) Premedication prior to treatment is an important factor due to the long operative procedures which may elicit the child's phychological trauma. 3) The full cast gold crown restoration for rampant dental caries in primary dentition indicated because of its precise work for maintaining normal occlusion and gingiva.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 1983

To identify the changes in professional services pattern after introducing the deligated system of claims review started in 1982, a university hospital under this system was examined. For comparison, claims of the hospital to Federation of Korean Medical Insurance Societies, where this system is not accepted, were reviewed. A total of 600 cases each were studied operated at the Departments of General Surgery & Orthopedic Surgery in 1981 and 1983. The results are summarized as follow: 1. Percentages of hospital charges for basic care was decreased by 10.2% and that for medical service increased by 8.4% in 1983. 2. After the introduction of the deligated review system, percentages of cutting off the claims was decreased by 12.4% for basic care and increased by 3.8% for medical services. 3. Percentage of testing liver function, and the frequency of administering high cost intravenous fluid injection, applicating Robinul as anesthetic premedication were decreased respectively after introducting the deligated services system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.56-60
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• 2020

Vocal fold injections are usually performed with a patient wake in an office under local anesthesia. For comfortable and safe office-based procedures, thorough anesthesia and premedication should be provided to the following three regions; nasal cavity, oropharynx, and larynx. Topical lidocaine is most widely used anesthetics on office based procedure. Lidocaine has a low to intermediate potency, 45 minutes to 60 minutes' duration of action, and onset of sufficient anesthesia within 90 seconds of topical administration. Tetracaine, prilocaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine also have been used in the office-based procedures. Nasal decongestant, oxymetazoline, is also used for widening nasal cavity by constriction of nasal mucosa. The amount of topical and local anesthetics used in vocal fold injection rarely exceeds toxic doses. The physician should know proper anesthesia techniques and must be familiar with the safe dose and complication of all anesthetics used.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.35.1-35.4
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• 2021

Following intravenous (IV) administration of diazepam as a preanesthetic agent, sudden balance impairment, such as falling, leaning, and rolling, was identified in 2 canine cases. The 2 dogs were anesthetized for brain magnetic resonance scan to diagnose about a history of head tilt. After end of the diagnostic procedures, during the anesthetic recovery period, balance impairment was also observed. However, the symptoms gradually ceased by IV administration of flumazenil. These 2 canine cases indicated that diazepam premedication was responsible for the acute balance impairment.