• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.343-364
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• 2012

To examine the locality of Busan is a precondition of examining documenting localities of Busan. What is the locality of Busan and how can I explore the locality of Busan? These are the research questions of this thesis. Memory is fundamental in making an identity. So local memory is fundamental in making locality. Understanding relations between memory and identity, the author explored the locality of Busan by analyzing memories of Busan. To analyze memories of Busan is to examine historical figures of Busan and Cultural Properties of Busan which are on the website of Busan metropolitan city. The results are as follows : According to the analysis of historical figures of Busan, there are no confucius scholars who came from Busan. However in the age of civilization, Busan has produced some talented people by way of receiving a modern education. According to the analysis of Cultural Properties of Busan, Jung-gu(中區) and Seo-gu(西區) and Yeongdo-gu(影島區) are the spaces of migration. Dongnae-gu(東萊區), Suyeong-gu(水營區) and Saha-gu(沙下區) and Gijang-gun(機張郡) are the spaces of settlement. Dong-gu(東區) has changed from a space of settlement into a space of migration with the opening of the Busan Port as a momentum in 1876.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2016

Many cases have mentioned the effect by applying BIM on the media such as at conferences, workshops, reports, ect. These cases reported that costs could be saved directly by prevention the need to re-do and reconstruct caused by using BIM. BIM users mentioned that using BIM has potential value in saving costs. The benefits of the BIM include intangible value that cannot be estimated in costs, such as reducing work time and improving productivity. However, the financial value of using BIM, such as Return on Investment, has not yet been exposed, and BIM users have a negative view of the financial value of BIM in Korea. Therefore, this study has researched the effects of applying BIM on construction estimate services in view of business productivity, not finance. This study compared the traditional and BIM based estimation, and verified the effect of estimating BIM through work sampling. This study investigated a precondition for getting the effects of BIM based estimation. The results show a need for BIM education, 3D Modeling standards, and database on quantity in order to improve product ivity and reduce work time on BIM based estimation

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

This study has examined experimentally the Beer's law which is a precondition for quantitative electron tomography. We used carbon support film and latex spheres, which have similar absorption coefficients with biological samples, as the test samples to take a tilt-series of images for electron tomography. First, the 3D information of carbon film and latex spheres was obtained by electron tomography. Then, the regression analysis on the relationship between the intensities of the incident and the transmitted beams in a tilt series was carried out to examine the Beer's law. The regression results with RMS error of 0.976 show the linear intensity variations of the transmitted beam as the tilt angles were increased. In addition, the relative absorption coefficients of carbon support film and latex spheres calculated experimentally through the Beer's law were 1.71 (5) and 2.67 (6)/${\mu}m$, respectively. The absorption coefficients remained constant within a full tilt range. Therefore, it is expected that quantitative electron tomography could be performed for biological samples by applying Beer's law provided the exact intensity of incident beam can be obtained under the thoroughly controlled experimental conditions.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.11-15
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• 2015

The Last PlannerSystem (LPS) has been implemented on construction projects to increase work flow reliability, a precondition for project performance againstproductivity and progress targets. The LPS encompasses four tiers of planning processes:master scheduling, phase scheduling, lookahead planning, and commitment / weeklywork planning. This research highlights deficiencies in the current implementation of LPS including poor lookahead planning which results in poor linkage between weeklywork plans and the master schedule. This poor linkage undetermines the ability of theweekly work planning process to select for execution tasks that are critical to projectsuccess. As a result, percent plan complete (PPC) becomes a weak indicator of project progress. The purpose of this research is to improve lookahead planning (the bridgebetween weekly work planning and master scheduling), improve PPC, and improve theselection of tasks that are critical to project success by increasing the link betweenShould, Can, Will, and Did (components of the LPS), thereby rendering PPC a betterindicator of project progress. The research employs the case study research method to describe deficiencies inthe current implementation of the LPS and suggest guidelines for a better application ofLPS in general and lookahead planning in particular. It then introduces an analyticalsimulation model to analyze the lookahead planning process. This is done by examining the impact on PPC of increasing two lookahead planning performance metrics: tasksanticipated (TA) and tasks made ready (TMR). Finally, the research investigates theimportance of the lookahead planning functions: identification and removal ofconstraints, task breakdown, and operations design.The research findings confirm the positive impact of improving lookaheadplanning (i.e., TA and TMR) on PPC. It also recognizes the need to perform lookaheadplanning differently for three types of work involving different levels of uncertainty:stable work, medium uncertainty work, and highly emergent work.The research confirms the LPS rules for practice and specifically the need to planin greater detail as time gets closer to performing the work. It highlights the role of LPSas a production system that incorporates deliberate planning (predetermined andoptimized) and situated planning (flexible and adaptive). Finally, the research presents recommendations for production planningimprovements in three areas: process related, (suggesting guidelines for practice),technical, (highlighting issues with current software programs and advocating theinclusion of collaborative planning capability), and organizational improvements(suggesting transitional steps when applying the LPS).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.199-204
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors and reasons for hiring kindergarten teachers and to provide information for successful employment to the college. 12 private kindergarten chiefs over 10 years of experience were conducted in - depth interviews. In-depth interview data were analyzed using open coding analysis. 11 sub - factors of each core concept were derived, and they were nominated as 4 outline (character, sociality, personality & professionalism factors). All of the researchers perceived the sincerity, interpersonal stability, honesty, and ability to perform the curriculum as the most important factors to consider, and the teacher with good personality was perceived as the precondition of successful teacher's job performance. In the college, through the production of portfolios by subject, we raised the necessity of institutionalization of educational volunteer activities such as vacation - based education in addition to on - the - spot education at school and development of liberal arts curriculum to develop capacity for community life. And to develop and operate a field-oriented comparative education program to strengthen the competence of the majors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.1077-1080
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• 2008

Material parameters such as surface chloride content, water permeability coefficient, chloride diffusivity and critical chloride content are a substantial key parameter for understanding the durability performance of concrete and its micro-structural densification. Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies on the durability design for marine concrete structures have been carried out. However, the results are different to each other. In order to establish a consistent durability design system of concrete, it is a precondition to define material parameters, which affect deterioration of concrete due to chloride penetration. Such parameters are surface chloride content, chloride diffusivity, and critical chloride content. Usually these parameters are assumed as temporary constant values or obtained from the experimental results for short term. However, it is necessary to define these parameters reasonably, because these significantly influence the calculation of service life of concrete. In this paper, it is introduced to define material parameters of concrete for chloride diffusion, such as surface chloride content $[Cl]_s$, water permeability coefficient K, chloride diffusivity $D_{Cl}$, critical chloride content $[Cl]_{cr}$. These are expressed as time function considering hydration evolution of hardened cement paste. The definition of the material parameters is a prerequisite to simulate chloride penetration into concrete as time elapsed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1283-1293
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• 2014

In ubiquitous environment, data are changing rapidly and new data is coming as times passes. And sometimes all of the past data will be lost if there is not sufficient space in memory. Therefore, there is a need to make rules and combine it with new data not to lose all the past data or to deal with large amounts of data. In making decision trees and extracting rules, the weight of each of rules is generally determined by the total number of the class at leaf. The computational problem of finding a minimum finite state acceptor compatible with given data is NP-hard. We assume that rules extracted are not correct and may have the loss of some information. Because of this precondition. this paper presents a new approach for refining rules. It controls their weight of rules of previous knowledge or data. In solving rule refinement, this paper tries to make a variety of rules with pruning method with majority and minority properties, control weight of each of rules and observe the change of performances. In this paper, the decision tree classifier with extended data expression having static weight is used for this proposed study. Experiments show that performances conducted with a new policy of refining rules may get better.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 2018

The Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games is a good example of functionalism in integration theories. President Moon Jae-in is extremely lucky to play host to the Winter Olympics. Moon should be particularly happy to have declared the 23rd Winter Games open, because a handful of North Korean athletes marched into the Pyeongchang Stadium as members of a joint team from "Corea," the result of his strenuous efforts to have the North participate in the world festival of sports on snow and ice. But the president of this divided nation hardly draws envy from other world leaders, as he is faced with the daunting task of accommodating the selfish positions of surrounding powers concerning North Korean nuclear and missile threats. North Korea, a trivial competitor in winter sports, scored big outside the games' sporting arenas by inviting President Moon to summit talks in Pyongyang. As a precondition for a 2018 summit, Pyongyang will first ask for the cessation of the annual joint Korea-US military exercises. President Moon invested a lot in the Olympic delegates from the North. Korea's leader will now have to start a truly difficult game which will require the best of best strategies as well as a great deal of wisdom and tenacity not only to deal with the weapons of mass destruction-toting North Koreans, but also with allies. On the other hand, Moon needs to make the effort to reset domestic politics with tolerance and compromise, so he can better concentrate on the conundrum of North Korean nuclear and missile threats.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.149-156
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• 2008

During maintenance or construction works in or at the tracks of railways, high risks for passengers and railway staff, especially for the workers on the construction site exist. The high risks result out of the movement of rail vehicles, like trains or construction vehicles, which must be faced by using any available technical and operational technologies for securing them against the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the level of protection continuously and to identify new and innovative methods and technologies for the protection of the gang (construction worker, machines and material). Especially on construction sites at line sections with two or more parallel tracks but also with single tracks, there are still a lot of incidents and accidents mostly with seriously injured persons or fatalities. These were mainly gang members that breach the railway-loading gage. By using proper warning or protection systems, the avoidance of such accidents must be achieved. The latest developments. in gang protection systems concern on the one hand fixed barriers in the middle between the construction site and the operated track and on the other hand construction vehicles equipped with automatic warning systems. The disadvantage of such protection methods is that the gang can be warned against an approaching train but a monitoring of the gang members cannot be performed. Only one part of a potential dangerous situation will be detected. If the gang members will overhear the acoustic warning signal of the security staff and the workers will not leave the danger zone in the track, the driver of the approaching train had no chance to react to the dangerous situation. An accident is often inevitable. While the detection of acoustic warning signals by the gang members working on a construction site is very difficult, the acoustical planning of an automatic warning system has to be designed for an acoustic short range level of one meter besides the construction vehicle. The decision about the use of today's technical warning system (fixed systems, automatic warning systems, etc.) must be geared to the technical feasibility and the level of safety which is needed. Criteria for decision guidance to block a track should be developed by danger estimation and economical variables. To realize the actual jurisdiction and to minimize the hazards of railway operations by the use of construction vehicles near the tracks further developments are needed. This means, that the warning systems have to be enhanced to systems for protection, which monitor the realization of the warning signal as a precondition for giving a movement authority to a train. This method can protect against accidents caused by predictable wrongdoing. The actual state of the art technique of using a collective warning combined with additional security staff is no longer acceptable. Therefore, the Institute of Transportation System of the German Aerospace Center in Braunschweig (Germany) will develop a gang warning and protection system based upon imaging methods, with optical sensors such as video in visible and invisible ranges, radar, laser, and other. The advantage of such a system based on the possibility to monitor both the gang itself and the railway-loading gauge either of the parallel track or of the same track still in use. By monitoring both situations, the system will be able to generate a warning message for the approaching train, that there are obstacles in the track, so that the train can be stopped to prevent an accident. And also the gang workers will be warned, while they breach their area.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2015

This study can be summarized as follows : First, main participant, procedure and method of redevelopment of Inner port shall be additionally reviewed. Demands of stakeholder of Incheon Inner Port are actively accommodated to avoid the disruption in undertaking the project. Second, it must ensure the adequacy and appropriateness of policies regarding the redevelopment of the Inner Port in Incheon. It is necessary to obtain consent of people on this project. Third, appropriate system must be established to undertake the project. For this purpose, the governance system shall be built to collect the opinions of the people. The conclusions of this study are as follows. The national master plan and modify plans of Port redevelopment have been being undertaken based on Port Act. Incheon Inner Port redevelopment has been showing slight discrepancy with that of other ports. It's the essential part to coordinate the opinions and needs between the parties prior to the establishment of a redevelopment plan. This can be settled when it's warranted for dock workers to secure the job, and for port companies to provide replaceable piers as the precondition. In addition, eco-friendly waterfront leisure space shall be planned and alternative policies shall be arranged with accommodating the needs of local residents and merchants.