• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2004

To obtain high molecular weight (HMW) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with high conversion, methyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized in suspension using a room temperature initiator, 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN), and the effects of polymerization conditions on the polymerization behavior of MMA and the molecular parameters of PMMA were investigated. On the whole, the experimental results well corresponded to the theoretically predicted tendencies. These effects could be explained by a kinetic order of ADMVN concentration calculated by an initial rate method and an activation energy difference of polymerization obtained from the Arrhenius plot. Suspension polymerization at 25℃ by adopting ADMVN proved to be successful in obtaining PMMA of HMW (number-average degree of polymerization (P/sub n/): 30,900-36,100) and of high yield (ultimate conversion of MMA into PMMA: 83-93 %) with diminishing heat generated during polymerization. The P/sub n/ and lightness were higher and polydispersity index was lower with PMMA polymerized at lower temperatures.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2004

N-Vinylcarbazole (VCZ) was solution-polymerized in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25, 35, and $45^{\circ}C$ using a room temperature initiator, 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN); the effects of amount of solvent, polymerization temperature, and initiator concentration were investigated. On the whole, the experimental results corresponded to predicted ones. Room polymerization temperature using ADMVN proved to be successful in obtaining poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVCZ) of high molecular weight with small temperature rise during polymerization, nevertheless of free radical polymerization by azoinitiator. The polymerization rate of VCZ in THF was proportional to the 0.47 power of ADMVN concentration. The molecular weight was higher and the molecular weight distribution was narrower with PVCZ polymerized at lower temperatures. For PVCZ prepared in THF at $25^{\circ}C$ using ADMVN concentration of 0.00005 mol/mol of VCZ, weight-average molecular weight of 221,000 was obtained, with polydispersity index of 2.05, and degree of lightness converged to about 99%.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.889-897
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• 2017

In this study, a nanoemulsion formulation for encapsulating turmeric extract was developed and its physicochemical characteristics including particle diameter, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and stability were determined. The turmeric nanoemulsion (TE-NE) droplets exhibited small diameter (165 nm), low PDI (0.17), and high zeta potential (-31.80 mV), all desirable characteristics in nanoemulsions, as well as stability in a wide range of pH. The TE-NE was spray-dried as a means to allow its incorporation into food products and reduce potential transport and storage costs. The resulting powder exhibited a pale yellowish appearance and had a curcuminoids content of 0.39 mg/g. The spray-dried TE-NE powder was incorporated into minced pork to make canned ham, and the sensory characteristics of the ham were evaluated. As a result, the canned ham incorporating TE-NE powder received the same overall acceptability score as the control, and only exhibited slight yellowing. By contrast, ham incorporating turmeric extract exhibited substantial yellowing, and its appearance was considered less acceptable by the panelists. Therefore, the TE-NE formulation could be incorporated into canned ham and other meat products without substantially affecting their sensory qualities.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.757-762
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• 2000

Vinylbenzyloxystyrylpyridine (VSP) as a photosensitive monomer was synthesized by the reaction of 4-hydroxystyrylpyrydine with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. Photocrosslinkable polymers containing rosin moiety were then prepared by radically copolymerizing VSP with a methacrylic monomer having rosin moiety. In these copolymerizations, the VSP feed ratios of 5 to 20 mol% were used. The contents of VSP units in the copolymers were determined by UV spectroscopy to be 5.3 to 17.3 mol%. The numberaverage molecular weights of these polymers were in the range of 18000 to 28000 and the polydispersity indexes were about 1.8. The glass transition temperatures were about 15$0^{\circ}C$ and the initial decomposition temperatures were about 34$0^{\circ}C$. The polymers were relatively fast photocrosslinked and the photocrosslinking reaction could be traced by the UV spectroscopy and the residual yield method.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.336-339
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• 2002

Fluorenevinylene-based EL polymers, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-vinylene) (PFV) and poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-vinylene)-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2 ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene}] (PFV-co-MEH-PPV), have been synthesized by Gilch polymerization method. The resulting polymers were soluble in common organic solvents and easily spin cast onto the indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The weight average molecular weight and polydispersity of PFV and PFV-co-MEH-PPV were in the range of 22.2 - 43.2 x $10^4$ and 1.9 - 3.0, respectively. Double-layer light-emitting diodes with ITO/PEDOT/Polymer/Al configuration were fabricated. PFV-co-MEH-PPV showed better EL properties than those of PFV and MEH-PPV The turn-on voltage of poly(9,9dialkylfluorene) derivatives were dramatically decreased to the 2.5 V compared to fluorene-based EL polymers. The maximum brightness and luminescence efficiency were up 7 to 1350 cd/$m^2$ and 0.51 Cd/A.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 1998

Solid Lipid Nanoparticle(SLN), one of the colloidal carrier systems, has many advantages such as good biocompatibility, low toxicity and stability. In this paper, the effects of drug lipophilicity and surfactant on the drug loading capacity, particle size and drug release profile were examined. SLNs were prepared by homogenization of melted lipid dispersed in an aqueous surfactant solution. Ketoprofen, ibuprofen and pranoprofen were used as model drugs and tweens and poloxamers were tested for the effect of surfactant. Mean particle size of prepared SLNs was ranged from 100 to 150nm. The drug loading capacity was improved with the most lipophilic drug and low concentration of surfactant. Particle size and polydispersity of SLNs were changed according to the used lipid and surfactant. The rates of drug release were controlled by the loading drug and surfactant concentration. SLN system with effective drug loading efficiency and proper particle size for the intravenous or oral formulation can be prepared by selecting optimum drug and surfactant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.560-567
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• 2005

Three groups of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) (designated as Fr-I, Fr-II, and Fr-III) were isolated from the culture filtrates of Paecilomyces sinclairii by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. Their molecular characteristics were examined by multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) connected online to a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and refractive index (RI) detector system. The weight-average molar mass of Fr-I, Fr-II, and Fr-III of EPSs were determined to be $1.540{\times}10^6,\;6.302{\times}10^4$, and $9.389{\times}10^4\;g/mol$, respectively. All three EPSs showed a fairly low polydispersity indice, ranging from 1.008 to 1.059 (nearly mono disperse behavior), and showed different carbohydrates and amino acids compositions; all fractions of EPSs consisted of mainly cystine, valine, and arginine in the protein moiety, and mainly ribose, galactose, and glucose in the carbohydrate moiety. The determination of gyration radii of the EPSs in SEC/MALLS analysis revealed the molecular shape of the Fr-I to be a rod-like structure, whereas the Fr-II and Fr-III had a random-coil structure in an aqueous solution.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1170-1174
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• 2013

Benzodithiophene based organic semiconducting polymer was designed and synthesized by stille coupling reaction. The structure of polymer was confirmed by NMR and IR. The weight average molecular weight ($M_w$) of polymer was 8,400 using GPC with polydispersity index of 1.4. The thermal, optical and electrochemical properties of polymer were characterized by TGA and DSC, UV-vis absorption and cyclic voltammetry. OTFT device using PBDT-10 exhibited the mobility of $7.2{\times}10^{-5}\;cm^2\;V^{-1}\;s^{-1}$ and $I_{on}/I_{off}$ of $2.41{\times}10^3$. The film morphology and crystallinity of PBDT-10, was studied using AFM and XRD.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.614-619
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• 2008

Copolymers of phenyl alkyl acrylates/methacrylates are used clinically as soft materials for the foldable intraocular lens (IOL) to treat cataracts. In this study, copolymers of 2-phenylethyl acrylate (PEA) and 2-phenylethyl methacrylate (PEMA) of various compositions were prepared using free radical polymerization in solution. The composition of the copolymers was determined by $^1H$-NMR analysis. The reactivity ratios of the monomers were calculated using the conventional Fineman-Ross or Kelen-Tudos method. The reactivity ratio of PEA ($r_1$) and PEMA ($r_2$) were estimated to be 0.280 and 2.085 using the Kelen-Tudos method, respectively. These values suggest that PEMA is more reactive in copolymerization than PEA, and the copolymers will have a higher content of PEMA units. The glass transition temperature ($T_g$) of the copolymers increased with increasing PEMA content. The molecular weight and polydispersity indices ($M_w/M_n$) of the polymers were determined by GPC. Overall, these results are expected to be quite useful in applications to foldable soft IOL materials.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 1992

The effect of acid treatment of cellulose on the substitution charateristics of carboxymethylation was studied in this paper. Five samples of hydrocellulose(HC), all prepared from ${\alpha}$-cellulose by hydrolysis with five reaction times and determined on average molecular weight and polydispersity, were carboxymethylated to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The CMCs from HCs were examined upon degree of substitution(DS), distribution of carboxymethyl groups in anhydroglucose units of the cellulose, and unsubstituted anhydroglucose(USAG) content. The DS of CMCs increased with increasing the hydrolysis time except CMC from HC at 1 hour hydrolysis time. In carboxymethylation the availability of hydroxyl groups on anhydroglucose units in HCs was the highest on OH(2), and the relative availability of OH(6) increased with the increasing of the hydrolysis time. The USAG contents were more deviated than that calculated based on Spurlin's model, and had a strong tendency of decreasing with increasing the hydrolysis time. The reactivity of HC was lower than that of ${\alpha}$-cellulose and the relative availability of OH(6) in HC increased with the hydrolysis time.