• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the possibility of using dried Dondropanax morbiferus extract as a functional dye. The leaves and branches of were extracted with distilled water and 30% ethanol, and the dyeability and functionality of silk fabrics were examined according to the color characteristics of the extract and dyeing conditions. As a result of analyzing the ultraviolet and visible light absorption spectrum of the extract, it was possible to confirm the peak of flavonoid belonging to polyphenol, and the peak of riboflavin expressing yellow color was confirmed. Adsorption equilibrium was observed at 4% dyeing concentration and 60 minutes of dyeing time, and as the temperature increased, dyeing amount increased without color change of Y-series. Aluminum mordanting also increased the yellow color. The color fastness of washing and UV irradiation was low, but the color fastness of rubbing was evaluated as relatively good. The silk fabric dyed with the distilled water extract of the leaves showed a 99.9% bacteriostatic reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, showing excellent antibacterial properties.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.109-120
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• 2023

Recently, the explosive increase of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) in the worldwide poses a serious threat. The purpose of this study is to investigate epidemiology, detection, and treatment of CPE. Three main carbapenemase are reported worldwide, which were KPC, NDM, and OXA-48-like. KPC type are mostly found in USA, China, Europe, and Latin America. NDM type are mostly found in South Asia. OXA-48-like are often seen in the Mediterranean and Northern Africa. In Korea, CPE have increased explosively since 2015. In 2021, 18,099 CPE were isolated, which were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae in order. The CPE genotype was distributed with KPC, NDM, OXA type in order. Phenotypic detection methods include carbapenemase production tests (CPT) and differential tests of CPE. CPTs include modified Hodge test, modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM), Carba NP test, among which mCIM is the most widely used due to easy accessibility and accuracy. A lot of genotypic methods are being done for quick results, and commercialized kits using multiplex real-time PCR and microarray are widely used. Colistin and tigecycline are used as the first line of CPE treatment and are used in combination with second line drugs such as meropenem and fosfomycin.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.124-128
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• 2007

Bronchiolitis obliterans is a clinical syndrome of chronic obstruction associated with inflammatory changes in the small airways. There are marked variations in the epidemiology of this disease. In childhood, bronchiolitis obliterans has been described as a result of a number of infections such as adenovirus, measles, Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and influenza A infection. Most common agents are adenovirus types 3, 7, and 21. Diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans can be made based on clinical findings, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and lung biopsy. In addition to diagnosis, treatment is not yet clearly established. The authors experienced a case of bronchiolitis obliterans developed in 3 year-old girl who suffered from type 7 adenoviral pneumonia. She had been hospitalized and treated for 15 days due to pneumonia. After discharge, productive cough was not improved and auscultation revealed wheezing. HRCT demonstrated multifocal mosaic patterns suggesting bronchiolitis obliterans. She was managed with inhaled steroid and bronchodilator, and her symptoms were improved. However, follow up HRCT showed no interval change.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

Background and Objectives: Sinusitis, referring to an inflammatory disease that occurs on the mucus membrane inside the sinus, is one of the most common diseases in the otorhinolaryngology area. In oriental clinic, Sunbanghwalmyungeum (SHE) has been used as a primary prescription to treat inflammatory diseases and intumescence and to treat sinusitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of SHE on acute sinusitis induced mice. Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: the normal group, the group inoculated with S. pneumoniae which caused them allergic rhinitis (control group), and the group treated with the SHE extract after it was treated the same as the control group (sample group). We investigated the inhibition of Th 2 cell differentiation by SHE and the suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. Results: NF-${\kappa}B$ activation was suppressed, and iNOS & COX-2 production were inhibited by SHE in acute sinusitis. IL-4 and STAT 6 also appeared to be suppressed. The number of eosinophils in the sample group noticeably decreased when compared to the control group. In the general morphologic change, the increase of damaged respiratory ciliated epithelium & eosinophil's infiltration were decreased in the sample group. Goblet cells were maintained in the sample group. MIP-2 and HSP-70 decreased in the sample group. Apocrine secretion decreased in the sample group. Conclusion: The results suggest that SHE is significantly effective in the treatment of inflammation caused by acute sinusitis through the suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and the inhibition of Th 2 cell differentiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.1 s.100
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

The dyeability and antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with lavender extract were analyzed. The results obtained are as follows. The surface color of all the dyed fabrics was tinged with green or yellow of a slight red tint. In the test results of dyeing colorfastness, the colorfastness to sunlight of the dyed fabrics which is both not treated with a mordant and treated with a K2Cr2O7 mordant was excellent with 4th grade of colorfastness. The others showed below 2nd grade. The colorfastness to laundry showed, as most of dyed fabrics were 4th-5th grade, relatively excellent results. The colorfastness to perspiration showed different results respectively according to the kind of both dyed fabrics and mordants. The colorfastness to crocking of the dyed both cotton and silk fabrics showed the excellent result of 4th-5th grade. The colorfastness to dry cleaning of all the dyed fabrics was excellent with 4th-5th grade. In the test results of antibiosis, the dyed fabrics of both cotton and silk didn't show the significant decrease rate for the fungus called Klebsiella pneumoniae. For the fungus called Staphylococcus aureus, the dyed cotton fabric showed the decrease rate of $98\%$ and the dyed silk fabric showed the decrease rate of $50\%$. For the fungus called Chaetomium globosum, the dyed fabric of cotton didn't show the significant antibacterial efficacy, but the dyed fabric of silk showed the significant antibacterial efficacy for the mold fungus called Aspergillus niger.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

Scutellaria Baicalensis(SB) is widely used in traditional and modern oriental medicine. It possesses several biology activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. In this study, a functional high density polyethylene (HDPE) fabric with antimicrobial properties was developed using zeolite microparticles as a SB extract delivery carrier. Zeolites loaded with SB extract were prepared by immersing in an SB extract aqueous solution. The average size of the SB extract-loaded zeolites was about 0.1 to $2.0{\mu}m$, and the morphology of the zeolites was not altered after SB extract binding. The resulting SB extract-loaded zeolites were then immobilized homogeneously onto the HDPE fabric using acrylic binder. The encapsulation efficiency of SB extract to the zeolite was more than 45%. The in vitro release test of SB extract-loaded zeolites containing HDPE fabrics showed release of 35% of the total SB extract by day 1 in a 24hours immersion study. Moreover, the SB extract-loaded zeolites containing HDPE fabrics showed effective antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, indicating that this innovative delivery platform potently imparted antimicrobial activity to the HDPE fabric. In conclusion, the current study suggests that the HDPE fabric containing the SB extract-loaded zeolites microparticle carrier system has potential as an effective antimicrobial textile such as safety gloves, protective gloves etc.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.465-474
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• 2005

A two-step broad-range PCR method detecting gram-negative bacteria at the level as low as 2 CFU was developed by using primers of GNFI and GNRI and then semi-nested primer of GNF2 and GNRI. The nucleotide sequences of the primers were determined based on l6S rRNA gene. The DNA fragments of 1173 bp and 169 bp were amplified in one-step PCRs with primer sets of GNFI-GNRI and GNF2-GNRl, respectively, using template DNA from seven strains of gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas spp., and Acinetobacter baumaii but not from Achromobacter lyticus, Alca/igens faecalis, and five strains of gram-positive bacteria. DNA fragments of 180 bp were amplified from LTLT-pasteurized milk and UHf-pasteurized milk in the two-step PCR. The DNA fragments were amplified from LTLT-pasteurized milk which was added with Pseudomonas j/uorescens and subsequently heated at 65 $^{\circ}C$, 80 $^{\circ}C$, and 100 $^{\circ}C$ for 30 min but they were not amplified from the milk autoclaved at 121$^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. It was suggested in PCR that Pseudomonas fluorescens heated at 65 $^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in milk was more sensitive to DNase treatment than viable bacteria.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.573-582
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• 1999

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), and Mycoplasma lysates on regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 production by human nasal fibroblasts. Primary cultured cells were incubated with LPS ($1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$) from E.coli, SEB ($1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$) from S.aureus, or Mycoplasma lysates (M.pneumoniae, Mp; M. fermentans, Mf; M. hominis, Mh, each $1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$). The culture supernatants were collected at 2, 6, and 24 hr and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The production of IL-6 in the culture supernatant was downregulated by LPS, SEB, or Mycoplasma lysates. But IL-6 was upregulated by mixed exposure with Mp+LPS (2 hr), Mp+LPS+SEB (24 hr), Mf+LPS (24 hr), Mf+LPS+SEB (2 hr), Mh+LPS (24 hr), Mh+SEB (24 hr), or Mh+LPS+SEB (24 hr). The production of IL-8 in the culture supernatant was similar to that of IL-6 by same stimulants. But IL-8 was upregulated by mixed exposure with Mf+LPS+SEB (2 hr), Mh+LPS (24 hr), Mh+ SEB (24 hr), or Mh+LPS+SEB (24 hr). These studies show that costimulation of LPS or SEB with Mycoplasma whole cell lysates upregulates the production of IL-6 and IL-8.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2013

Objective: Evaluations of the in-vitro anti-bacterial activities of aqueous extracts of Acacia catechu (L.F.)Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and Shilajita mumiyo against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are reasonable since these ethnomedicinal plants have been used in Persian folk medicine for treating skin diseases, venereal diseases, respiratory problems and nervous disorders for ages. Methods: The well diffusion method (KB testing) with a concentration of $250{\mu}g/disc$ was used for evaluating the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Maximum synergistic effects of different combinations of components were also observed. Results: A particular combination of Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and shilajita mumiyo extracts possesses an outstanding anti-bacterial activity. It's inhibiting effect on microorganisms is significant when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive microorganism. The highest anti-bacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia) or gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was exerted by formula number 2 (table 1). Conclusion: The results reveal the presence of anti-bacterial activities of Acacia catechu, Castanea sativa husk, Ephedra sp. and Mumiyo against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Synergistic effects in a combined formula, especially in formula number 2 (ASLAN$^{(R)}$) can lead to potential sources of new antiseptic agents for treatment of acute or chronic skin ulcers. These results considering the significant anti-bacterial effect of the present formulation, support ethnopharmacological uses against diarrheal and venereal diseases and demonstrate use of these plants to treat infectious diseases.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1740-1745
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the in vitro synergic effect of Eunkyo-san, with quinolone antibiotics, rufloxacin (RUFX), the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90 of single use of quinolones and concomitant treatment with Eunkyo-san against 9 strains of aerobic gram positive bacteria. The obtained results were as follows : In the case of aerobic gram positive bacteria, the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus smith, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus pyogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae Type Ⅰ, Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ was significantly decreased in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san compared to those of single treated groups of RUFX, respectively. However, no significant changes were demonstrated against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. In conclusion, the in vitro antibacterial activity of RUFX were increased against some strains of aerobic gram positive strains, especially, pneumococcus such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san.