• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2013

Water distribution pipes installed underground have potential risks of pipe failure and burst. After years of use, pipe walls tend to be corroded due to aggressive soil environments where they are located. The present study aims to assess the degree of external corrosion of a distribution pipe network. In situ data obtained through test pit excavation and direct sampling are carefully collated and assessed. A statistical approach is useful to predict severity of pipe corrosion at present and in future. First, criteria functions defined by discriminant function analysis are formulated to judge whether the pipes are seriously corroded. Data utilized in the analyses are those related to soil property, i.e., soil resistivity, pH, water content, and chloride ion. Secondly, corrosion factors that significantly affect pipe wall pitting (vertical) and spread (horizontal) on the pipe surface are identified with a view to quantifying a degree of the pipe corrosion. Finally, a most reliable model represented in the form of a multiple regression equation is developed for this purpose. From these analyses, it can be concluded that our proposed model is effective to predict the severity and rate of pipe corrosion utilizing selected factors that reflect the fuzzy soil environment.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.305-308
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• 1996

An analyzing method for pressure fluctuation in oil hydraulic pipe network was developed in this study. The object pipe network has multi-branch configuration, and the pipeline of it is composed of steel tubes, flexible hoses. Also, accumulators, orifices and lumped oil volume components are attached on it. Transfer matrix method, in other words impedance method, was used for the analysis. The reliablity and usefulness of the analyzing method was confirmed by comparing and investigating computed results and experimental results got in this study.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2020

In actual seawater desalination plant, the pressure loss due to frictional force of pipe is about 3~5 bar. Also, the pressure loss at pipe connection about 1~3 bar. Therefore, the total pressure loss in the pipe is expected to be about 4~8 bar, which translates into 0.111 to 0.222 kWh/㎥ of energy when converted into the Specific Energy Consumption(SEC). Reducing energy consumption is the most important factor in ensuring the economics of seawater desalination processes, but pressure loss in piping is often not considered in plant design. It is difficult to prevent pressure loss due to friction inside the pipe, but pressure loss at the pipe connection can be reduced by proper pipe design. In this study, seawater desalination plant piping analysis was performed using a commercial network program. The pressure loss and SEC for each case were calculated and compared by seawater desalination plant size.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2019

In this paper the potential of the principal component analysis(PCA) technique for the application of detecting leaks in water pipe networks was evaluated. For this purpose the PCA was conducted to evaluate the relevance of the calculated outliers of a PCA model utilizing the recorded pipe flows and the recorded pipe leak incidents of a case study water distribution system. The PCA technique was enhanced by applying the computational algorithms developed in this study which were designed to extract a partial set of flow data from the original 24 hour flow data so that the effective outlier detection rate was maximized. The relevance of the calculated outliers of a PCA model and the recorded pipe leak incidents was analyzed. The developed algorithm may be applied in determining further leak detection field work for water distribution blocks that have more than 70% of the effective outlier detection rate. However, the analysis suggested that further development on the algorithm is needed to enhance the applicability of the PCA in detecting leaks by considering series of leak reports happening in a relatively short period.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2002년도 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.829-836
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• 2002

The paper presents a multi-objective genetic algorithm approach to the design of a water distribution network. The objectives considered are minimization of network cost and maximization of a reliability measure. In this study, a new reliability measure, called network resilience, is introduced. This measure mimics a designer's desire of providing excess power at nodes and designing reliable loops with practicable pipe diameters. The proposed method produces a set of Pareto-optimal solutions in the search space of cost and network resilience. Genetic algorithms are observed to be poor in handling constraints. To handle constraints in a better way, a constraint handling technique that does not require a penalty coefficient and applicable to water distribution systems is presented. The present model is applied to two example problems, which were widely reported. Pipe failure analysis carried out on some of the solutions obtained revealed that the network resilience based approach gave better results in terms of network reliability.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.479-487
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• 2013

This study was to investigate characteristics for the pressure wave propagation and the maximum pressure near a rapid closure valve which was installed the end of multi piping network. The multi piping network consists of one inlet and three outlet with straight pipes. The diameter of the pipes including the valve was 100 mm, 80 mm, 80 mm respectively. The valve was rapidly closed with the instantaneous time which was 0.023s in the level for the water hammer. For the simulation, the influence of the pipe thickness and deformation due to pressure-wave-propagation was not considered. CFD was conducted under the following condition : the initial pressure was 1bar in the inlet and the mass flow rate was 7.83 kg/s in the outlet(the velocity in the pipe with 100 mm diameter was 1 m/s). As the valve have conditions that were status with and without fluid flow in the pipe after valve closing, the maximum pressure change and the frequency analysis were examined. As the results, the case that was status with fluid flow appeared the higher maximum pressure than another's, the maximum frequency band was about 10 ~ 11 Hz.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.589-597
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 부식깊이의 실측 데이터를 통해 부식깊이 예측식을 수립하고 상수관망의 노후도 및 안전도 등을 결정할 수 있는 운영인자를 수립하여 실제 관망에 적용하였다. 신뢰성해석과 운영인자 분석을 통해 노후도를 비교·분석 하였다. 신뢰성해석결과 가덕의 직경 200 mm 관의 경우 시간이 경과함에 따라 4.36%, 6.18%, 8.23%로 증가하는 것으로 나타났고 남이의 직경 200 mm 관의 경우 시간이 경과함에 따라 7.35%, 9.51%, 12.99%로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 운영인자를 결정하여 방사형 차트 면적을 통해 노후도를 비교한 결과 가덕은 1.009, 남이는 1.174로 남이 지역이 노후도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 신뢰성해석과 운영인자를 통해 교체 우선순위를 결정할 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1999

This study is to investigate the effect of C factor errors on the analysis of water distribution systems. For this purpose, an artificial distribution network and a real distribution network were selected as the study networks. Results are as follows. 1. The C factor of a pipe which has small velocity didn't give significant effect on the analysis of a water distribution system. 2. The effect of decreased value of C factors give more influence on the analysis of water distribution systems than that of the increased values. 3. For the C factor calibration, errors of the residual water heads as well as those of the head losses should be considered together. 4. In the analysis of water distribution systems, changes of C factors can give influences only on the nodes which locate behind the pipe. Therefore, this characteristics should be considered in the selection of nodes for the measurement of water heads.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2014

상수관망의 수리학적 거동을 해석함에 있어 현재까지 제안된 일반적인 방법은 유량기반 수리해석(Demand Driven Analysis, DDA)과 압력기반 수리해석(Pressure Driven Analysis, PDA)이다. DDA는 상수관망이 정상적으로 운영되는 상태에서 수리해석 결과를 빠르게 제시할 수 있으며, PDA는 관파괴 및 관내 저압력 상태시 DDA 방법으로는 모의할 수 없는 각 절점의 실질적인 공급가능유량을 제시할 수 있다. PDA 수행에 있어 우선적으로 각 절점에서 특정 압력마다 공급가능유량을 산정할 수 있는 관계식(Head-Outflow Relationship, HOR)을 결정해야 한다. 기존 연구들에서는 상수관망을 구성하는 각 절점에서 HOR이 다르고 각 절점의 HOR 검증을 위해서는 현장데이터의 실측이 필요하다고 지적하였다. 또한 다중 관파괴 상황과 같이 수리학적 조건이 변경된 상태에서 각 절점의 HOR 특성을 파악하기 위해서는 모든 절점에 모니터링 시스템이 구축되어 있어야 하는 제약조건이 있다. 본 연구는 실제 상수관망 형태의 모의 상수관망을 제작하여 상수관망의 정상상태 및 현장에서 측정이 어려운 비정상상태 운영조건을 시나리오별로 구성하고 각 조건 하에서 절점들의 압력 및 유량을 실시간으로 확인하였다. 또한 측정된 실험결과와 기존 HOR 관계식을 비교 평가하여 최소 오차 결과를 보이는 HOR을 제시하였으며, 특정 절점에서 다중 관파괴 발생시 HOR 특성을 파악하였다. 이로부터 관파괴 위치가 다르거나 다중 관파괴가 발생하더라도 특정 절점의 압력(수두) 저하에 따른 공급가능유량의 축소 현상은 본래 대상 절점이 가지고 있는 지수함수 형태인 고유한 HOR을 따라 감소하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 실험을 통해 측정한 압력-유량 관계와 기존 HOR 식들을 비교한 결과 최소 오차를 보이는 지수함수 형태의 Wagner 등1)이 제안한 식을 최적의 HOR 관계식으로 제안하며, 해당 식의 지수 m은 3.0으로 적용할 것을 제안한다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.439-448
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• 1998

대규모의 배수관망 시스템에서 유량해석을 위한 기법들이 많이 있지만 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 기법은 선형화 기법이다. 이 방법은 연속방정식과 에너지 방정식을 연립하여 해석하므로 이론적으로는 간단하나 실제 시스템에 적용을 위해서는 연립방정식 해석시 생성되는 계수매트릭스의 대각행력에 '0'이 발생하는 등 매우 큰 이산화된 계수 매트릭스의 처리가 문제가 되었다. 본 연구에서는 ill-condition 계수매트릭스의 발생을 배제하기 위해 도학이론으로부터 선형독립적인 폐합회로를 찾는 기법을 상수관망해석에 적용하여 선형화기법의 positive-definite 계수매트릭스를 만드는 기법을 개발하였다. 개발된 알고리듬의 적용성을 시험하고자 22개 가상관로 및 142개 관로를 가진 대구 인근의 실제 관망자료를 이용하여 유량해석을 실시하였다. 유량해석 결과 본 알고리듬이 적용된 모형에서는 가상관망 및 실제관로에서 수렴의 실패없이 원활하게 계산이 이루어지고 있었다. 본 연구결과는 관로내 정상상태 유량해석을 위해 효율적으로 이용될 것이 기대된다.