• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-246
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• 1992

In order to estimate effects of air pollution for pinus thunbergii forests arounding onsan industrial complex, structure of forest vegrtation was surveyed. In the survey of forest vegetation, pinus densiflora have been died or being withered, and importance value(I.V) of rhododendron mucromulatum and lespedeza spp. were low at the vicinity of industrial complex. Especially lespedeza maximowiczii and l. maritima were not entirely appeared at the vicinity of industrial complex. I.V. of quercus serrata, robinia pseudoacacia and alnus firma were preferably high at the vicinity of industrial complex, and those of smilax china, rubus crataegifolius and rhus trichocarpa were similar at every site and it could be guessed that those had a tolerance. Number of species had a difference over 10 species at the vicinity of industrial complex as compared with those of remote sites, and species diversity showed highly at the farther sites of industrial complex, and also at the low layer, number of species, species diversity and evennes were low at the vicinity of industrialcomplex and species weakened to air pollution were disappearing. It was possible that forest vegetation would be changed from pinus spp. to community of a. firma and r. pseudoacacia.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.134-134
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• 2005

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.431-440
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• 2005

Location, height and clear-length of individual tree can be measured directly by LiDAR Remote Sensing, and dbh(diameter at breast height) can be estimated indirectly by tree height measured by LiDAR. In addition, stand volume and stand biomass are computed from estimated growth factors. In this study, each estimated growth factor was compared to the field measurements to validate accuracy. The coefficient of determination of total tree heights was 0.66 for total trees, 0.68 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.66 for Larix leptolepis and 0.60 for Quercus spp. The coefficient of determination of clear-length was 0.79 for total trees, 0.73 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.79 for Larix leptolepis, 0.68 for Quercus spp. The coefficient of determination of dbh predicted was 0.73 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.73 for Larix leptolepis and 0.85 for Quercus spp. Moreover The coefficient of determination of basal area was 0.82 for Pinus koraiensis, 0.92 for Larix leptolepis and 0.95 for Quercus spp. Biomass per ha computed by growth factor using LiDAR was 40,306 dm/ha for Pinus koraiensis, 94,150 tdm/ha for Larix leptolepis and 94,481 tdm/ha for Quercus spp. by species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 1993

Ansan urban nature park is 197.8ha and located in Seodeamun-Gu of Seoul. Flora of Ansan consisted of 141 species, 76 genera, 40 families in woody plants. This study was conducted to analyze the natural environment and establish the park management plan with ecological approach. The result of this study is summarized as follows. 1. The short term plan shall be performed in six vegetation management zones; Robinia pseudoacacia community zone, Sorbus alnifolia community zone, Quercus acutissima community zone, Populus ${\times}$albagrandulosa community zone, Pinus densiflora community zone, and landscape planting zone. Pinus densiflora and landscape planting zones shall be managed artificially, the others managed with ecological approach. 2. The long term plan shall be performed in four vegetation management zones; Robinia pseudoacacia community zone, Quercus spp. community zone, Pinus densiflora community zone, and landscape planting zone. Pinus densiflora and landscape planting zones shall be managed artificially, the others managed with ecological approach. 3. Because soil of Ansan is acidified and the soil disturbed growth of plants, the improvement of soil is necessary. The fertilization shall be performed in three zones; evergreen confierous tree zone(ex. P. densiflora), Quercus spp. zone, and the other deciduous tree zone(ex. R. pseudoacacia).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3 s.131
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• pp.11-21
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the species of the woods used in the main building (Daewoongjeon) of Bulgapsa temple in YeongGwang. Eighty eight woods sampled were divided into four parts; pillars(21), rafters(19), purlins(16) and other wood elements(12). Four species were identified; Pinus spp. (hard pines; diploxylon), Abies spp., Quercus spp. and Zelkova serrata Makino. Pillars and corner-angle rafters were mainly Zelkova; however, other wood elements were mostly Pinus spp. The high ratio of Zelkova in this building would be ascribed to the preference of this species to pines owing to its superior quality before the late Chosun Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.66-78
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to minimize the forest disturbance around an entry road of a power transmission tower construction site between Taean and Sinsesan, Chungnam. The main study field was classified into existing materials and a GIS, remote sensing analysis, and a field examination. This information was used to identify the most suitable entry road using a degree of green naturality map, eco-naturality map, actual vegetation map, and a forest state map as the existing materials. Also, the study used an normalized difference vegetation index, altitude and slope map in order to make the evaluation materials which used an remote sensing image, and GIS. This data was used to choose an optimum area, and diagnosed the current condition of the vegetation with a field survey of the area. It analyzed vegetation structure, species diversity, the age of trees in a field examination. Subsequently, we proposed four area types based on the analysis results--preservation area, transplantation area, restoration area and development area. As a result, the preservation area was categorized into 8 grades, according to the degree of green naturality, large area of breast diameter at Pinus densiflora community, competition area of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. and Quercus spp. community of over 20 years old. A transplantation area established 46 optimum areas according to the GIS analysis and vegetation investigation results. Vegetation restoration plan for disturbance area should be made based on ecological value of existing vegetation to worthwhile area as Quercus spp. mixing forest proposed. The development area selected a ecological worthless place as an artificial forest where Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii growth is poor. This research results suggest that restoration of vegetation will be possible in the real world. Also, ecological restoration guidelines will be made through building and analyzing data base and routine monitoring of transplantation and restoration area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.208-213
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• 1997

Tree form characteristics and biomass distribution and volume increment for Quercus spp., Larix leptolepis and Pinus koraiensis growing in Kwangju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do were investigated. P. koraiensis showed higher crown percentage than L. leptolepis, indicating that P. koraiensis maybe shade-tolerant species. Biomass allocation by tree height showed significant difference among three species. Stem biomass distributed more dimminishing along tree height with Quercus spp. and P. koraiensis than L. leptolepis. The allometric pattern of leaf-and branch biomass appeared as normal distribution. Present biomass was highest in L. leptolepis showing 171.1tons/ha and followed by P. koraiensis and Quercus spp, with 75.3tons/ha and 61.6tons/ha, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.155-161
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• 1977

Pollinosis usually caused by the airborne pollen grains, is an allergical disease which causes snivel and sneeze. The author has studied on airborne pollen grains collected at Chong-ro district in Seoul about 15m from April 1975 to March 1976. The obtained grains were 4 spp. of Gymnospermae, 19 spp. of Dicotyledoneae and 10 spp. of Monocotyledoneae. The tree season ranged from March to June, Alnus, Pinus and Acer were prevalent. The grass season ranged from May to October, Gramineae were prevalent. The weed season ranged from August, Artemisia were prevalent and ragweed was found.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.559-575
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• 2012

This study, targeting Namhan Mountain Fortress which was designated as a No. 57 national historic site and placed on the World Heritage Tentative List in 2010, was intended to identify the change of vegetation structures by reviewing past references, pictures, research data and additionally conducting a site survey. Also, it was designed to draw up measures for restoring vegetation suitable for historically and culturally valuable Namhan Mountain Fortress. According to the biotope mapping of study site, Quercus spp. forest distributed a greatest part of area with 40.8% of $2,611,823m^2$. Pinus densiflora forest, highly likely to go through ecological succession, was dispersed in the whole region of Cheongryangsan, the area from West Gate to North Gate and the ranges between South Gate to Cheongryangsan with taking 16.5%. Pinus densiflora forest with a low probability of succession amounted to 4.7% and was dispersed mainly in the forest behind Namhansan elementary school. Pinus densiflora going on the ecological succession is distributed a portion of 2.9%. And the currently dying out Pinus densiflora forest amounted to 2.1%. As a result of analysis of the vegetation structure for 19 years, the succession from Pinus densiflora forest to Pinus densiflora and succession from Quercus spp. mixed forest to Quercus spp. forest to Carpinus laxiflora forest were predicted. Additionally, Quercus spp. expanded its dominance over time. According to the characteristics of each classified zone, the site was categorized into $553,508m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the landscape maintenance, $114,293m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the landscape restoration, $205,306m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the disclimax, and $1,169,973m^2$ area of Pinus densiflora forest area for inducing ecological succession.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time.