• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.303-307
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• 2013

The cultivation of Poria cocos on tree-stumps and logs, was first described at the beginning of the 13th century. Poria cocos has been used for medicinal purposes to treat physical and mental recuperation, promote diuresis, forgetfulness and physical weakening. The artificial cultivation techniques of P. cocos was reported in China in 1957. are reported. The basic study on morphological characteristics and artificial cultivation method of Poria cocos with pine tree log buried under ground were initiated by Rural Development Administration. To widen the utilization of harvested sclerotia of Poria cocos as new food stuffs, powder of the sclerotia were used for producing new soft drinks and supplemented to wheat flour to make functional bread. Last 30 years, the supply of P. cocos in Korea through cultivation could not meet the domestic demand, Korea collected P. cocos in the mountainous areas and also import the sclerotia from China. Since the domestic demand of the sclerotia in China increased, the price of imported sclerotia of P. cocos also increased. Recently, high-quality and high-yielding cultivation methods were developed in Gyeongbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services (GARES). The new cultivation methods of P. cocos developed by GARES was to change traditional cultivation method from under ground to above ground cultivation house, and shortened cultivation period by half, and improved the quality of the sclerotia. Therefore, it is suggested that advanced new technology for production of sclerotia of P. cocos from under ground and above ground must be developed for fullfil the domestic demand of the sclerotia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.344-352
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• 2010

To investigate the mating system of clones in the seed orchard of Japanese red pine, parameters of mating system, such as outcrossing rates, number of potential pollen contributors, and degree of pollen contamination, were estimated in the seed orchard of Japanese red pines on the basis of DNA data including 4 nSSR and 6 cpSSR markers. Estimates of outcrossing rates were ranged from 94.9 to 100% with an average of 98.9% on the basis of the analysis of cpSSR haplotypes. They were ranged from 90.3% to 100% with an average of 95.9% on the basis of the analysis of nSSR genotypes. However, cross checking of both DNA markers revealed that the seeds presumed to be products of self pollination were turned out to be generated by pollination between mother tree and other tree (i.e., 100% of cumulative outcrossing rate). Estimates of pollen contamination ranged from 43.6% (Gangwon-10) to 56.4% (Gangwon-12) with the average of 48.9%. On the basis of pooled cpSSR haplotype of each seed, maximum number of 21 pollen contributors were verified from the seeds reproduced by Kyungbuk-38. Minimum number of 13 pollen contributors were verified in Gangwon-10. Mean of 16.2 pollen contributors were verified from a total of 5 mother trees. In conclusion, considering pretty high outcrossing rates between clones within a seed orchard, it may be expected that a fairly good genetic potential of the seeds, produced in '77 plot of the seed orchard of Japanese red pines at Anmyeon island, may be guaranteed. Observed results from the analysis of mating system of Japanese red pines in a '77 plot of the seed orchard may also provide useful information for the establishment and management of the seed orchard of the progressive generation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.3 no.1_2
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• pp.21-30
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• 1980

This paper contains the results obtained by ecological investigation of flora in Muie Island of Incheon Harbor in the western coast in Korea. 14 varieties, 147 species, 57 families and 142 genera of Tracheophyta were recorded by field investigations conducted over three times in May and July, 1976 and August, 1980. The flora of this island showed a plant community predominated by Pinus densiflora grown in miggle with Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata and Rhododendron mucronulatum. Generally, the number of plant species was scarce, but it was an unexpected result that such remote mountainous plants as Lysimachia clethroides, Syneilesis palmate and Lilium disticum etc. were encountered in a wood surrounding Seohwang-dang, the shrine of a tutelary deity, on 126-Meter Hill at the northern end of the island. There also countered in Hoyong mountain valley were deciduous broad-leaved forests without pine tree which mainly consisted of Prunus leveilleana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Platycarya strofilada, Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima and Acer mono. In addition, herbaceous plants, such as Syneilesis palmata, Codonopsis lanceolata and Lysima barystachy were grown as the undergrowth of these forests. Drosera rotundifolia, an unlooked-for plant, appeared in the middle of the eastern coast of the island. Camellia jpaonica was gro주 spontaneously in Deogjeog Island 26km southwest from the island, while no evergreen broa-leaved tree could be located except 2 species of Vitex rotundifolia and Euonyhmus japonica. It may be considered that such simple flora of this island compared with that of land is attributed to the fact that the formation of the former took place in the period far latter than that of the latter.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1344-1351
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• 2012

We studied the physical, chemical, biological, and antimicrobial effects of eight types of essential oils used in the cosmetics industry: lavender, tea tree, rosemary, juniper berry, Chamaecyparis obtusa, cypress, cedar wood, and pine. Lavender oil had a linalyl acetate (an ester chemical compound) content of 48% and radical scavenging activity of 22.36% at 5,000 ppm. Tea tree oil had radical scavenging activity of 43.94% at 5,000 ppm and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. mutans, and C. albicans in each 6, 3.5, 6.5, and 5 mm, respectively. Chamaecyparis obtusa oil had the highest acidity (pH 2.64) compared with the other oils, and sesquiterpene compounds were found to have 19.20%. Cedar wood oil had the highest specific gravity and refractive index compared to the other oils and had a sesquiterpene content of 99.73%. The radical scavenging activity of cedar wood essential oil exceeded 39.68% at 5,000 ppm. The clear zone, indicating antimicrobial activity against P. acnes, P. ovale, and C. albicans, was 3.5, 6, and 6 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 1% cedar wood oil. Results showed that with a high sesquiterpene content, the antioxidant effect was generally, but not always, high, suggesting that this is determined according to composition of the compound rather than presence of each antioxidant. The results indicate that antimicrobial activity is determined by the existence of each antimicrobial ingredient rather than terpene composition.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2006

Antioxidative and antibacterial activities of endemic plants extracts in Korea were investigated. Hydrogen radical scavenging activity was 99.72% in an elm tree, 99.725 in a Job's tears, 99.575 in an eggplant, and 94.025 in a barrenwort. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract from 23 different species of wild plants were determined. The gull nut was showed the strongest antibacterial activities (16.0-19.0 mm) and also showed high antibacterial activities in a pine neddles, a gulmyungja, a wild ginger plants, a ginko (9.5-11.5 mm). Only extracts of Saurrranceae extract showed the antibacterial activity in Bacillus subtilus, Stapylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Samonella entetotidis. An antibacterial activities were showed weakly in an esungcho and an eggplant. A ground ivy showed Antibacterial activity on Stapylococcus aureus. A barren wort showed in antibacterial activity on Stapylococcus aureus, and E. coli. This results were suggested that many edemic plants resources contains antioxidative and antibacterial substances.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.166-179
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• 2022

A test piece was produced using deteriorated pine tree for the conservation treatment of woodblocks cultural heritage, and weight change, color change and penetration diffusion characteristics of the test piece according to the application of Dammar, Wax, Paraloid B-72, Animal glue and H.P.C treatment agent. As a result, it was confirmed that Dammar is the most suitable treatment agent for the strengthening of the material while maintaining the original color of the wood. A test piece was produced using deteriorated porous natural wood, which the damage condition is similar to that of woodblocks cultural heritage and the main tree of woodblocks cultural heritage based on above result, and the application of each Dammar concentration (2%, 5%) and wetting of each Dammar concentration (10%, 15%) were conducted in order to find out the application concentration and treatment method of Dammar, and weight change, penetration diffusion characteristics, etc. were observed. As a result, it was found that the Dammar 2% application was the best as an effective method for the strengthening of the material while maintaining the original color of the wood. Therefore, it is judged that Dammar 2% application is most suitable for the strengthening treatment of woodblocks cultural heritage with severe insect damage and degradation.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.476-481
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to formulate a sustained release system for indomethacin (IND) with rosin gum obtained from a pine tree. Rosin microparticles were prepared by a disper­sion and dialysis method without the addition of surfactant. In order to investigate the influence of solvents on the formation of colloidal microparitcles, various solvents like ethanol, DMF, DMAc, and acetone were used. The rosin microparticles containing IND were characterized by X­ray differactometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphologies of rosin microparticles observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were spherical. The solvents used to dissolve rosin significantly affected the drug content and drug release rate of IND. The release behaviors of IND from the rosin microparticles were dependent on the drug content and size of the particles. Rosin micorparticles with a higher drug content and of a larger particle size had a slower drug release rate. Also, the IND release rate from the rosin microparticles could be regulated by the rosin content in the microparticles. From these results, rosin microparticles have the potential of being used as a sustained release system of IND.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

서울근교에 존재하는 소나무림은 낙엽활엽수림으로 바뀌고 있다. 그러므로 서울근교의 산림에 대한 조사는 자연 식생형 산림 특히 소나무 복원에 그 시사점을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울근교에 존재하는 8개 산의 15개 지소를 선정하여 그곳에 존재하는 식생형을 파악하고, 토양의 물리적 특성을 조사하여 산림 복원 시 고려할 토양 특성을 확인하고자 하였다. 8개 산에서 선정된 15개 조사지소는 소나무군락, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 낙엽활엽수군락으로 나누어 물리적 토양 특성을 조사하였다. 소나무의 평균 중요치는 소나무군락에서 137이었으며 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락에서는 8이었다. 평균 바위분포 면적-토양 깊이-경사는 소나무군락에서 26-22-31, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락에서 7-53-32, 낙엽활엽수군락에서 14%-34cm-$28^{\circ}$로 나타났다. 소나무군락, 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락, 낙엽활엽수군락의 임상 및 토양에 존재하는 총 유기물량은 각각 2490, 1757, and $2107g/m^2$로 조사되었다. L층에서의 유기물량은 모든 군락 유형에서 비슷하였으나, F층과 H층에서는 매우 다르게 나타났다 : F층은 소나무군락에서 가장 발달하였고 H층은 낙엽활엽수군락에서 가장 발달하였다. 통계처리 결과는 바위분포 면적, 고도, 경사, 사면은 군락의 유형과 유의한 관련성을 보여주지 않았으나, 토양의 깊이, 자갈의 함량, 세사와 미사의 함량은 군락의 유형에 따라 다름을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 소나무군락의 토양이 자갈과 세사의 높은 함량과 관련이 있으며, 이에 따라 H층의 발달이 미약하게 나타남을 보여 주었다. 그러므로 2-10mm의 자갈이 40% 이상되는 장소에는 분해가 덜된 유기물과 소나무를 사용할 때 복원의 성공가능성이 높으며, 자갈의 함량이 30% 이하이며 모래의 함량이 50% 이상인 장소에는 분해된 유기물의 함량을 높이고 낙엽활엽수를 이용하는 것이 복원성공 가능성이 높음을 시사한다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to give some ideas to the improving direction and evaluation in order to solve physical' ecological problems appeared after urban park construction. This study selected Namsangol park as a site, because this park was constructed to the goal in order to rehabilitate the original landform as a part of "Namsan original landscape rehabilitation work". So this study was executed to investigate past and present landform change, soil condition, planting, water/climate etc., and then these were analyzed by GIS.- soil :pH, Ec, organic matter, the ability of moisture content, bulk density, porosity, etc.- planting:planting density, plant species- water/climate: the amount of rainfall, drainage and drainage-basin. And then this study overlayed soil+cut/fill, soil+pine tree, cut/fill + planting density, and cut/fill + plant species.t species.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.6
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• pp.33-59
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the symbolic meaning of the Tiger in Korean Folk Paintings, Minhwa, (hereafter, Minhwa) connected to its social contexts in Joseon period. Thinking of the Tiger Minhwa as a 'visual language' and regard the Tiger as a 'visual signifier' as well as the united-signifiers such as a Korean magpie, pine tree and so on in Minhwa. This research is to analyze these signifieds, 'Signified', what we say in this paper, have composed its symbolic meaning related to the social 'ideological complexes' and collective consciousness during Joseon period. In a word, the characteristic of the Tiger signifier has changed and spread out from the ideal trend to a worldly one. Since the late Joseon period, the change of the social contexts was, because of the civil classes who recognized the limitation of the Sung Confucianism(the doctrines of $Chi-Tz\={u}$), the predominated ideology of that time. To get rid of their uneasiness, they brought the Shamanism, Taoism and Buddhism at the front which were usually the lower class ideology or belief and tried to construct the collective consciousness and safety of their real lives. Therefore, the trend of this 'common conceptualization' show us the positiveness and flexibility to the Tiger signifier through the variation, appropriation and producing signifier. Moreover, even to the same Tiger, there were various meanings and most of them were concentrated in the meanings as follows ; Beoksa(in Korean term is to drive away evil spirits) and Gilsang, which is the good omen of a luck. All these were based on the value of 'this world'. In conclusion, through this research, the concept of the Tiger as a apotheosis has lowered its statutes and being secularized.