• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.5-21
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for evaluation of early childhood programs in Korea. The procedures included content validation and a pilot test. A total of 192 items in 10 major areas was developed based on the review of literature and discussions with professionals in early childhood education. The 10 areas include: scheduling, curriculum, interation, physical environment, materials, nutrition, health and safety, administration, staff qualifications, relationships with parents, and evaluation. The pilot scale was administered to 428 classroom teachers and directors, and 47 college professors in early childhood education. The items were rated on a 3-point scale in terms of importance as evaluation criteria. The methods for data analysis included item means and standard deviations for content validation, Cronbach ${\alpha}$ for reliability, and factor analysis for construct validity. Most items in 10 areas were rated as moderate to highly important (average 2.3), especially items in curriculum and staff qualifications. Two factors emerged from the data: institutional management, and curricular planning and implementation. The Cronbach ${\alpha}$ levels were .70 or higher in most areas, but the range covers from .48 to .91. Based on the pilot data, 143 items were selected for the second year study.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.718-723
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• 2017

We propose a pilot hopping scheme that improves the limited system capacity due to pilot contamination in multi-cell environment with large-scale antenna arrays at a base station, assuming the infinite number of antennas. In the conventional fixed pilot scheme, each user obtains the same signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) over a long period of time. Therefore, a user with strong interference has continuously low SIR which degrades its service quality. In the proposed pilot hopping scheme, different pilot signals are used for each time slot, and different amounts of interference are received every time. When such a pilot hopping technique is applied, the SIR fluctuates at every time slot. When the Hybrid Automatic Repeat & reQuest (HARQ) technique is applied in such a channel, the outage probability and transmission rate are improved. We show that there is the performance gain of the proposed scheme over the conventional scheme through computer simulations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 1994

Activated sludge pilot plant testing was conducted to determine the ability of a well-designed activated sludge treatment system to remove chromic toxicity from the bleached kraft pulp mill effluent. Removals of conventional(BOD and SS) and nonconventional(resin and fatty acids, color, AOX) pollutants were estimated. The pilot plant was operated at steady state for about 10 weeks at an F/M of 0.28 and a sludge age of 8.4 days. The average MLSS concentration was 4,309mg/l, of which volatile fraction was 57%. During the operation period, the BOD removal reaction rate(k) was determined to be 8.2/day at $30^{\circ}C$. The BOD removal was 84 percent, which was 3 to 6 percent lower than expected for full-scale treatment. The chronic toxicity of the activated sludge effluent was tested by employing both Dinnel and the BML protocols. It was found that the pilot plant could achieve in excess of 90 percent reduction in chronic echinoderm toxicity. The data show slight reduction of color and AOX across the activated sludge system. The pilot system, however, demonstrated on excellent removal of resin and fatty acids.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.73-76
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• 1998

악취 물질은 주로 피혁공장, 화학공장, 유지공장, 슬러지처리장 등에서 발생하며 작업장 내의 근로자뿐만 아니라 인근 지역주민들에게 정신적인 불쾌감을 주는 동시에 인체에 매우 유해한 물질들이다. 이들 악취물질중 유황화합물질로는 황화수소, 머켑탄류가 있으며 아주 적은 농도에서도 악취를 느낄 수 있고 자극이 매우 심하다. 특히, 황화수소와 메틸머켑탄은 거의 모든 악취의 주요 원인물질로서 작업현장 내에 혼합물질로 존재하며, 쾌적한 작업환경을 위해서는 이들의 처리가 반드시 필요하다. (중략)

• Environmental engineer
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• s.170
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• pp.56-62
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• 2000

현재 국내의 오폐수처리장의 수는 증가하고 있으며 그에 따른 오폐수처리장의 건설비는 물론 운전관리비용도 증가하는 추세이다. 이에 따라 우수한 처리효율과 경제적이고 안정성을 갖춘 공정이 시급히 요구되고 있다. 1998년 12월에서 2001년 11월까지 3년간 수행될 생물막공법을 이용한 소규모 오수처리시설에서의 유기물 및 영양염 제거공정의 최적화 및 상용화에 대한 본 연구에서, 1차년도 목표인 TN 10mg/l, TP 1mg/l 이하의 안정적인 유출수질을 얻

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2018

This study aims to evaluate healthcare providers' satisfaction and demands pertaining to the collaborative first-stage pilot project between Korean medicine and Western medicine. This survey was conducted via electronic mail among 33 healthcare providers participating in the pilot project. Likert type 5-point scale or Likert type 7-point scale was used to evaluate each item. The response of '${\geq}4$' on the 5-point scale, and '${\geq}5$' on the 7-point scale were analyzed as positive answers. A total of 27 healthcare providers (81.8%) responded, of which 9 were western medical doctors (33.3%) and 18 were Korean medical doctors (66.7%). In respect to satisfaction of the pilot project, 88.9% gave positive responses on improved patients' convenience, 59.3% on treatment efficiency and 55.6% on diagnosis efficiency. In terms of self-evaluation on the pilot project, 70.4% gave positive answers on changes in quality of collaborative treatment, 74.1% on cooperation of results, 63.0% on cooperation of structure and 51.9% on cooperation of process. In terms of demand for collaborative treatment or the pilot project, 'standardized manual' and 'simplification of administrative procedures' showed highest demand, resulting up to 88.9%, followed by 85.2% demanding more public relations and 63.9% demanding enlargement of participating hospitals. This survey revealed that healthcare providers are generally satisfied with patients' convenience and treatment effects. Further studies are needed to develop a standardized manual, simplified administrative procedures, and expanded pilot project contents.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.66-75
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• 2015

Disposable diaper waste is consisted of plastic, fiber, and SAP (Super Absorbent Polymer). They are valuable to be used as raw materials of other products including plastic blocks and pulp mold. Nevertheless, disposable diaper waste have been disposed by landfill and incineration without recycling. Due to strict environmental regulations it is necessary to develop fractionation technique to recycle the disposable diaper waste. In this study the fractionation technique using pilot-scale stock preparation units was investigated. Process for separation of plastic and fibers from disposable diaper waste was composed by the combination of pilot-scale pulper, drum screen, screen and cleaner. Recovery rate of plastics and fiber was checked according to the various operating conditions. In drum screen, recovery rate of plastic was high when the cut size of disposable diaper waste was $5cm{\times}5cm$. The highest recovery rate of fiber was achieved with 0.3 mm slot screen. It is important to control the neutral state of SAP for improvement of recovery rate of fiber since SAP can be swelled easily in water. Therefore SAP can be controlled efficiently by the addition of calcium chloride into the pulper. Consequently recovery rates of plastics and fibers were over 90 and 80% under the optimum pilot operating conditions.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2009

A pilot-plant biofilter (1750 mm W ${\times}$ 2750 mm L ${\times}$ 2000 mm H) packed with polyurethane foam (20 mm W ${\times}$ 20 mm L ${\times}$ 20 mm H) was installed in an fine chemical plant emitting gas streams containing ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane. The biofilter was successfully operated for 30 days under highly fluctuating incoming concentrations (maximum 3500 ppm) at a residence time of 36 and 60 sec. Both ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate were removed more than 95%, but dichloromethane removal was less than 50%. Malodor was also removed more than 90% from 17 days after start up.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate production of complex odor and 12 specific odorous compounds in a pilot-scale (capacity : $100m^3$) ultra thermophilic aerobic composting. There were three types input: municipal wasted sludge, livestock manure and slurry, and food waste produced in Jung-Eb city. Each raw material was mixed with seed material and operated for two periods (1st : 50 days, 2nd : 60days). During composting, the temperature hit $90{\sim}95^{\circ}C$ after every mixing in both periods. Therefore, it was concluded that increasing temperature also saves the time which required for composting and high reduction of organics and water contents. The primary odorous compounds were ammonia, methyl mercaltan, dimethyl disulfide and trimethylamine. The concentration of the primary compounds and complex odor during the operation were higher than those on final day and most compounds did not exceed the allowable exhaust standard for odor. Also, it was found that optimal mixing time and control of high temperature are the most important parameters for odor control in ultra thermophilic aerobic composting.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.681-695
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• 2014

In a pilot-scale dyeing wastewater treatment using two-type fluidizing media, each thickness of biofilm was 15 and 30 ${\mu}m$, respectively. The numbers of protozoa inhabited in small-size (PEMT A) and big-size (PEMT B) media were $7.5{\times}10^4$ and $1.25{\times}10^5$ cells/ml, respectively, and dominant species were Entosiphon sulcatus var sulcatus in PEMT A and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in PEMT B, respectively. Flask experiments using the two media revealed that the percentages of color removal were 25.8% in PEMT A and 27.1% in PEMT B after 72-h cultivation, indicating the necessity of bioaugmentation. Experiments for bioaugmentation effect on color removal were carried out in the pilot-scale treatment for 75 d by three-step operation under the control of wastewater loading rate and microbial input rate. Dye degradation occurred mainly in the second reaction tank, and the attachment of augmented dye-degrading microorganisms to media took at least 35 d. Final value of chromaticity in effluent was 227, meeting the required standard. Therefore bioaugmentation onto media was good for color treatment. In summary, thickness of biofilm formed on the media depended upon the size of media, resulting in different ecosystem inside the media. Hence, this affected microbial community and color treatment further. Accordingly, the reduction of operation cost is expected by efficient color-treatment process using bioaugmented media.