• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.845-852
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• 2007

The highly evolved flowers of orchids have colorful sepals and fused columns that offer an opportunity to discover new genes involved in floral development in monocotyledon species. In this investigation, we cloned and characterized the homologous PISTALLATA-like (PI-like) gene PhPI15 ($\underline{Ph}alaenopsis$ $\underline{PI}$ STILLATA # $\underline{15}$), from the Phalaenopsis hybrid cultivar. The protein sequence encoded by PhPI15 contains a typical PI-motif. Its sequence also formed a subclade with other monocot PI-type genes in phylogenetic analysis. Southern analysis showed that PhPI15 was present in the Phalaenopsis orchid genome as a single copy. Furthermore, it was expressed in all the whorls of the Phalaenopsis flower, while no expression was detected in vegetative organs. The flowers of transgenic tobacco plants ectopically expressing PhPI15 showed male-sterile phenotypes. Thus, as a Class-B MADS-box gene, PhPI15 specifies floral organ identity in orchids.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.375-383
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• 2004

It has been reported that osteoporosis induced by the deficiency of estrogens in menopause is associated with the unbalance of Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi levels. Proximal tubule is very important organ to regualte Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi level in the body. However, the effect of estrogens on Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi regulation was not elucidated. Thus, we examined the effect of 17-β estradiol (E₂) on Ca/sup 2+/ and Pi uptake in the primary cultured rabbit renal proxiaml tubule cells. In the present study, E₂(> 10/sup -9/M) decreases Ca/sup 2+/uptake and stimulates Pi uptake over 3 days. E₂-induced decrease of Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulation of Pi uptake were blocked by actinomycin D (a gene transcription inhibitor), cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor). tamoxifen, and progesterone (estrogen receptor antagonists). E₂-induced decrease of Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulation of Pi uptake were blocked by SQ22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor), Rp-cAMP (a cAMP antagonist), and PKI (a protein kinase A inhibitor). Indeed, E₂ increased cAMP formation. In addition, E₂-induced decrease of Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulation of Pi uptake were blocked by staurosporine, H-7, and bisindolylmaleimide I (protein kinase C inhibitors) and E₂ translocated PKC from cytoslic fraction to membrane fraction. In conclusion, E₂ decreased Ca/sup 2+/ uptake and stimulated Pi uptake via cAMP and PKC pathway in the PTCs.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 2006

Phosphoinositides are critical regulators of ion channel and transporter activity. There are multiple isomers of biologically active phosphoinositides in the plasma membrane and the different lipid species are non-randomly distributed. However, the mechanism by which cells impose selectivity and directionality on lipid movements and so generate a non-random lipid distribution remains unclear. In the present study we investigated which structural elements of phosphoinositides are responsible for their subcellular location and movement. We incubated phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PI(4)P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate ($PI(4,5)P_2$) with short or long acyl chains in CHO and HEK cells. We show that phosphate number and acyl chain length determine cellular location and translocation movement. In CHO cells, $PI(4,5)P_2$ with a long acyl chain was released into the cytosol easily because of a low partition coefficient whereas long chain PI was released more slowly because of a high partition coefficient. In HEK cells, the cellular location and translocation movement of PI were similar to those of PI in CHO cells, whereas those of $PI(4,5)P_2$ were different; some mechanism restricted the translocation movement of $PI(4,5)P_2$, and this is in good agreement with the extremely low lateral diffusion of $PI(4,5)P_2$. In contrast to the dependence on the number of phosphates of the phospholipid head group of long acyl chain analogs, short acyl chain phospholipids easily undergo translocation movement regardless of cell type and number of phosphates in the lipid headgroup.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.632-639
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• 2014

2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene bis(trimellitate anhydride) (2,7-TA) was synthesized from trimellitic anhydride chloride and 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene. Copolyimides (Co-PI) containing ester group were synthesized from 2,7-TA, pxylylenediamine, and 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFB). The Co-PI films were obtained from poly(amic acid) by solution casting through thermal imidization on a glass plate. The thermal property, gas permeation, and optical transparency of the Co-PI films with various TFB monomer contents were investigated. These Co-PIs could be solution-cast into a flexible and tough film. The cast Co-PI films exhibited high optical transparency with a cut-off wavelength of 370~395 nm in UV-vis. absorption and a low yellow index value of 3.55~7.63. The thermal property of Co-PI films increased linearly with increasing TFB content. However, the oxygen permeation and optical transparency of the Co-PI films was found to worsen with increasing TFB content.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 2016

Objectives: The goals of this research were to evaluate acute (single-dose) and sub-acute (repeated-dose) toxicity profiles of methanolic extract of Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart ex Brandis (PI) for Wistar rats and to assess the safety profile of PI by observing physiological changes, mortality, changes in body weight, the histopathology of body organs, the hematology and the biochemistry of the animals. Methods: The toxicity profile of PI was evaluated using Wistar rats of both sexes. Animals were divided into four groups: Group 1; control group (normal saline), Group 2; PI-1 (250 mg/kg), Group 3; PI-2 (500 mg/kg), Group 4; PL-3 (1,000 mg/kg). An acute-toxicity study in which animals received a single dose of PI extract (2,000 mg/kg) and were then observed for 14 days for changes in skin, fur, eye color, mucous membrane secretions and excretions, gait, posture, and tonic or clonic movements was performed according to guideline 425 of the Organization of Economic and Corporation Development (OECD). In the repeated-dose toxicity study (OECD - 407) animals received a daily dose of PI extract for 28 days (4 weeks). The parameters observed in this study include body weight, hematology and biochemistry of the animals. Results: In the acute toxicity study, no mortalities or changes in behavior were noted in the animals. The repeated-dose toxicity study was also devoid of any toxicity in the animals during the 28 days of testing with PI extract. The extract did not alter- the body weight, hematology or biochemistry of the animals. The methanolic extract of PI was to be found safe to the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for the single-dose and repeated-dose toxicity tests in rats. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of PI was devoid of toxicity; hence, it can be used for various ayurvedic preparations and treatments of diseases.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.40.3-40.3
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• 2010

The most frequently suggested source for Pi2 pulsations in the inner magnetosphere (L < 4) is standing fast-mode waves trapped in the plasmasphere (i.e., plasmaspheric resonances). They have been considered as the source of low-latitude Pi2 pulsations. The plasmaspheric resonance model suggests that compressional fast-mode waves can be detected at all local times inside the plasmasphere provided reflection of the wave energy is efficient. Until now, however, there are no reports about compressional Pi2s observed in the dayside inner magnetosphere. That is, there is longitudinal limit of inner magnetosphere. In February 2008, THEMIS probes were near dawn and/or dusk sides, which are the transition regions between the nightside and dayside, in the inner magnetosphere (L = 2-4) when low-altitude Pi2s were identified at Bohyun (L = 1.35) station in Korea. Using the THEMIS electric field data, we examined if Pi2s are excited by longitudinally localized disturbances. We found that compressional Pi2s having high coherence with a low-latitude Pi2 pulsation occur on dawnside. However, any compressional pulsations in the Pi2 frequency band were not detected on duskside. This indicates that compressional Pi2s disappear near the duskside. Our observations are discussed with spatial plasmaspheric structure and possible Pi2 mechanisms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.57-66
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• 2001

This paper resents a control approach for designing a fuzzy-PI controller for a synchronous generator excitation and SVC system A combination of thyristor-controlled reactors and fixed capacitors (TCR-FC) type SVC is recognized as having the must fiexible control and high speed response, which has been widely utilized in power systems, is considered and designed to improve the response of a synchronous generator, as well as controlling the system voltage A Fuzzy-PI controller for SVC system was proposed in this paper. The PI gain parameters of the proposed Fuzzy-PI controller which is a special type of PI ones are self-tuned by fuzzy inference technique. It is natural that the fuzzy inference technique should be barred on humans intuitions and empirical knowledge. Nonetheless, the conventional ones were not so. Therefore, In this paper, the fuzzy inference technique of PI gains using MMGM(Min Max Gravity Method) which is very similar to humans inference procedures, was presented and allied to the SVC system. The system dynamic responses are examined after applying all small disturbance condition.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.30-34
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• 2019

We analyzed how the features in plasma information based virtual metrology (PI-VM) for SiO₂ etching depth with variation of 5% contribute to the prediction accuracy, which is previously developed by Jang. As a single feature, the explanatory power to the process results is in the order of plasma information about electron energy distribution function (PI_EEDF), equipment, and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) features. In the procedure of stepwise variable selection (SVS), OES features are selected after PI_EEDF. Informative vector for developed PI-VM also shows relatively high correlation between OES features and etching depth. This is because the reaction rate of each chemical species that governs the etching depth can be sensitively monitored when OES features are used with PI_EEDF. Securing PI_EEDF is important for the development of virtual metrology (VM) for prediction of process results. The role of PI_EEDF as an independent feature and the ability to monitor variation of plasma thermal state can make other features in the procedure of SVS more sensitive to the process results. It is expected that fault detection and classification (FDC) can be effectively developed by using the PI-VM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.429-431
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• 2014

Raspberry Pi is in the UK (Paspberry Pi) Foundation created a compact / Cheap PC and was developed as part of the educational project. RCA connection jack and has been released in March 2012 was also sold out in one hour. Raspberry Pi Linux kernel based operating system called Raspberry Pi using optimized Raspbian Debian-based operating systems are often used to be free. Raspberry Pi is currently in the field of IoT with the board quite Cubie limelight and Cubie board holds more data. Arduino is quite easy to reach and access to the avr but impossible to include any custom code associated to a library and customize drawbacks must be solved only. Raspberry Pi using the Raj Caribbean and limitations of low cost, but there is a small output. So, for a combination of the two, with GPOI was reminiscent of hardware control. In this paper, using GPIO Cooking Hacks RaspberryPi board for controlling input and output by using the shield is insufficient expansion raspberry pie was confirmed that the good operation was verified.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 2002

The performance of an inverter-driven water-to-water heat pump with an electronic expansion valve (EEV) was measured as a function of compressor frequency, load conditions, and EEV opening. Based on the test results, a controller using proportional integral (PI) feedback or PI feedforward algorithm was designed and tested to investigate capacity modulation and transient response control of the system. Although the relation between superheat and EEV opening of the heat pump showed nonlinear characteristics, a control gain obtained at the rated frequency was applicable to various operating conditions without causing large deviations. When the simple PI feedback control algorithm was applied, a large overshoot of superheat and wet compression were observed due to time delay effects of compressor frequency. However, applying PI feedforward control scheme yielded better system performance and higher reliability, compared to the PI feedback algorithm.