• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2022

Neuropeptides produced in neurosecretory cells are the largest group of insect hormones. They regulate various physiological functions, such as fat body homeostasis, feeding, digestion, excretion, circulation, reproduction, metamorphosis, and behavior throughout all life stages. The PRXamide peptide family (X, a variable amino acid) is a well-characterized neuropeptide component with a common amino acid sequence, PRXamide (NH₂), at the C-terminal end conserved across Insecta. The PRXamide peptides are classified into three subfamilies, each having diverse biological roles in insects: (1) pyrokinin (PK) includes the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and the diapause hormone (DH), (2) the capability (CAPA) peptides, and (3) the ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH). PBAN as a member of PK subfamily was first identified to stimulate pheromone biosynthesis in moths three decades ago. Since then, PBAN peptides have been extensively studied by various research groups from a broad spectrum of arthropods. In this paper, we briefly review insect PBAN molecules with emphasis on gene structure and expression, signal transduction, physiological mechanism in sex pheromone biosynthesis, and application for pest management.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-46
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• 2023

Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the immune-enhancing potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to Alum against rabies vaccine and the related immunological, physiological, and histopathological effects. Materials and Methods: Alum and AuNPs sole and in combination with rabies vaccine were used at 0.35 mg/mL and 40 nM/mL, respectively. Rats used were categorized into six groups (20/each): control rats, rabies vaccine, aluminum phosphate gel, rabies vaccine adsorbed to Alum, AuNPs, and rabies vaccine adjuvant AuNPs. Results: Liver and kidney functions were in the normal range after AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine compared to control. Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ levels were significantly increased in groups immunized with Alum and AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine, the peak level was in the case of AuNP adjuvanted vaccine on the 14th day. Ninety days post-vaccination, total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against adjuvanted rabies vaccine showed a significantly elevated antirabies IgG with AuNPs and Alum adsorbed vaccine compared with unadjuvanted one. The total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased post-adjuvanted AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine vaccination than in Alum adsorbed vaccine, while MDA was significantly decreased. The histopathological examination revealed detectable alterations post-AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine immunization compared with liver and kidney profiles post-administration of unadjuvanted and non-immunized groups, meanwhile, splenic tissue revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles indicating increased immune reactivity. Conclusion: The AuNPs are promising enhancers of the immune response as Alum, and the undesirable effects of AuNPs could be managed by using suitable sizes, shapes, and concentrations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2024

Purpose: Zinc is involved in regulating homeostasis and metabolism in the body, and understanding these processes is important for estimating intake requirements. This review aimed to assist in setting the standards for Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs, 2025) for zinc by examining specific factors associated with role of zinc in the body and using the factorial analysis method. Methods: We reviewed the zinc-specific factors that should be considered when setting the required zinc intake to maintain zinc homeostasis in the body and used the factorial analysis method for estimating zinc requirements for different population groups. Results: Factorial analysis involves estimating the required intake based on various factors that affect zinc metabolism and requirements. The key components and steps involved in determining the zinc dietary reference intake (DRI), particularly the estimated average requirement (EAR), include: 1) Estimating basal requirements, which involves calculating the amount of zinc needed to replace natural losses through the intestinal (feces) and non-intestinal (urine, skin and other body secretions) routes, 2) Accounting for the various biomarkers related to metabolic functions of zinc, 3) Considering physiological requirements for zinc, such as those for growth, development, pregnancy, and lactation since zinc is essential for DNA and protein synthesis, and 4) Estimating the dietary absorption rate of zinc. Conclusion: The factorial analysis for zinc requirement is based on scientific evidence and is tailored to meet the requirements of different population groups, ensuring optimal health and preventing deficiency. It includes considerations of physiological needs, dietary absorption, and population-specific characteristics.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1993

Identification of blood cells and their physological functions in the cultured scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis collected from Abashiri Bay, Hokkaido, Japan were studied by electron microscopic structure and histological observations. The physiological function of each blood cell type was studied on the basis of its cytological structure, the lysosome in the blood cell and its phagocytosis. The blood cells were classified as Type I, Type II and Type III. The morphological characteristics of each blood cell type are as follows ; Type I : The cell is oval shaped and its cytoplasm contains comparatively low electron dense materials. The oval nucleus is sometimes ramified into two nuclei. Lumps of tubular smooth endoplasmic reticula and vacuoles are distributed near the nucleus. Type II : The cell appears long and oval shaped, and its cytoplasm contains high electron dense materials. The oval nucleus does not ramify, and large numbers of sac-like smooth endoplasmic reticula and free ribosomes are developed around the nucleus. No vacuoles exist in the cytoplasm Type 1II : The cell is round in shape and the electron density of the cytoplasm is the highest among the three types of cells because of large quantities of rough­surfaced endoplasmic reticula and no vacuoles. Particularly, the nucleus reveals a wheel-like shape owing to lumps of tuberous chromatin. The cells of Type I and II seem to have the role of carrying out phagocytosis on either foreign materials such as bacteria or endogenous old cells and the transport of nutritive materials. The type III cell, which has not been found in any bivalve species of non Pectinidae, may be said to have the function of production and the secretion of protein related to some humoral defense materials.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1970

Studies on the analysis of walking were performed on 33 male subjects. A prescription of physical exercise (walking at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr for more than one hour daily) for the promotion of individual health is presented on the basis of walking analysis. Presumptions were made that adequate physical exercise does promote health and is beneficial for the healthy life and increases the life span. These presumptions were derived from the numerous experimental literatures. The literatures support indirectly the presumptions. The following results were obtained and prescription of physical exercise is presented. 1. Oxygen uptake in a walking on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/hr was only 3 times of the resting oxygen uptake. This kind of moderate exercise did not stimulate the cardiopulmonary system adequately. Heart rate at a 4 km/hr walking was 101 beats/min in boys of less than 20 years old and 83 beats/min in adults. Oxygen uptake at a 6 km/hr walking exceeded 4 times of the resting oxygen uptake. It was interpreted that walking at 6 km/hr stimulated the cardiopulmonary system for the promotion of health. Heart rate at this speed was greater than 110 beats/min in boys and greater than 100 beats/min in adults. 2. Heart rates in a walking of 10 km/hr were 172 beats/min in boys, and 143 beats/min in adults, respectively. Maximal heart rates were 185 beats/min in boys, 180 in office clerks, and 168 beats/min in construction site laboreres. 3. The correlation between heart rate and oxygen uptake was high, namely, r>0.95. Subsequently heart rate could be used as a measure of degree of intensity of physical exercise instead of the cumbersome oxygen uptake measurement. 4. The prescription of physical exercise for the promotion of health is: Daily walking for more than one hour at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr. Bodily functions in this daily walking are in boys (body weight, 50 kg): heart rates of 110 beats/min; breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; pulmonary ventilation, 351/min; stride, 124 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,440 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal. In adults (body weight, 60 kg) the bodily functions are: heart rates of 100 beats/min, breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; Pulmonary ventilation, 301/min; stride, 127 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,670 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.822-834
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• 2007

This study searched the philosophical and medical thought of mutual understanding and human body. Mutual understanding is a fundamental problem in all branches of oriental studies. In other words, mutual understanding becomes the existential foundation of heaven-earth-human(三才). So human beings, heaven and the earth can't exist if there is no mutual understanding. It comes out the problem of self-consciousness in philosophy, and qi movement pattern like upward, downward, inward and outward movement in traditional korean medicine. Human beings have mutual understandings with heaven and the earth from a macroscopic standpoint, on the other side the human body from a microscopic standpoint. Qi movement is the mutual understanding and response of qi in human body, so with which the physiological functions and pathologic changes of viscera and bowels comes out. Therefore we want to present how to complete qi movement between viscera-bowels and organs to examine mutual understandings in human body closely. The results was summarized as follows; First, upbearing the clear yang and down bearing the turbid yin of spleen-stomach is main pivot of upward and downward of qi movement, and it is true form of mutual understandings between viscera and bowels, so upward, downward, inward and outward movement of whole viscera and bowels can be controlled by spleen-stomach. Second, by restraining relationships between downward heart fire and upward kidney water, heart fire and kidney water have close communications physiologically and pathologically as upper-lower, yin-yang and water-fire. Third, by restraining relationships between upbearing and effusion of liver and purification and down-sending of lung, liver and lung are outer circles of upward and downward movement, so they have antagonistic functions. Firth, by the relationships between upbearing the clear and down bearing the turbid of spleen-stomach and free coursing of liver, free coursing of liver-gallbladder is the essential requirement that it certify transportation and transformation of spleen-earth, so the disease of liver-gallbladder induce spleen-stomach disease pattern to affect its function of transportation and transformation. Fifth, by spleen and kidney, spleen yang is based on kidney yang, so the weakness of kidney yang can affect the function of transportation and transformation of spleen-stomach as it can't warm spleen earth. Sixth, by homogeny of liver-kidney, essence and blood of liver-kidney and ministerial fire of liver-kidney have mutal generation and limitation physiologically and they mutually are affected in pathologically.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.520-526
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• 2019

The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the feasibility of extracts (sample extract, MSE) mixed with hot - water extracts as health functional nutritional foods for prevention and treatment of liver damage. The experimental method was to investigate the effects of carbon tetrachloride on liver damage in rats by 60% of liver cirrhosis level. The effect of mixed extracts (MSE) was investigated by measuring the physiological functions, biochemical functions, and molecular biologic TGF - ${\beta}$ and P53 levels in liver - injured rats. with MSE doses administered differently(0.50ml, 0.75ml). A total of 30 rats were used for normal group, control group, positive control group, experimental group 1, and experimental group 2. The rats were given 6 times a week for 6 weeks at a fixed time once a day. The results of the experiment were statistically significantly higher in the control group than in the normal group and the positive control group, and statistically significantly lower in the experimental group (1 and 2) than the control group. There were some significant differences in the comparison between the experimental groups (1 and 2), but no significant changes were found. In conclusion, the results of this study are expected to be useful as functional food, and the variation of physiological activity and the degree of liver molecular biotechnology will be used for the research of the same field.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1353-1360
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• 2007

Three csp-like genes were identified in the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome and designated cspA, cspB, and cspA2. The genes cspA and cspA2 encode proteins, comprising of 67 amino acid residues, respectively. They share 83% identity with each other. Identity of those proteins with Escherichia coli Csp proteins was near 50%. The cspB gene encodes a protein composed of 127 amino acids, which has 40% and 35% sequence identity with CspA and CspA2, respectively, especially at its N-terminal region. Analysis of the gene expression profiles was done using transcriptional cat fusion, which identified not only active expression of the three genes at the physiological growth temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ but also growth phase-dependent expression with the highest activity at late log phase. The promoters of cspA and cspA2 were more active than that of cspB. The expression of the two genes increased by 30% after a temperature downshift to $15^{\circ}C$, and such stimulation was more evident in the late growth phase. In addition, the cspA gene appeared to show DNA-binding activity in vivo, and the activity increased at lower temperatures. Interestingly, the presence of cspA in multicopy hindered the growth of the host C. glutamicum cells at $20^{\circ}C$, but not at $30^{\circ}C$. Altogether, these data suggest that cspA, cspB, and cspA2 perform functions related to cold shock as well as normal cellular physiology. Moreover, CspA and its ortholog CspA2 may perform additional functions as a transcriptional regulator.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.881-887
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• 2002

This treatise is written in order to solve the important contradiction between the two theories; in oriental medicine psychological function is responsible for heart, but in western one it is responsible for brain. So we take the methods of studying in the aspects of morphological characteristics(MC) and visceral manifestation theory(VMT, 藏象論) and others about two organs-heart and brain. Brain(頭腦) is preferred to understand as a structure which is manifesting mental activity of heart. So the brain can be named with external heart(外心) corresponding to the relation of kidney(外 and external kidney. Saying conversely, the nutritional foundation of the mental function is the blood of heart, but the enlightening and insightful features of mentality make it's own residence move to the organ in the uppermost and positive site, that is head. And the close relationships on mental functions between heart and brain were discussed in various aspects, like investigation on east and west etymological literature, or Jiu gong and Taoist theory as well as Me and VMT, These understandings can make us know about the pathology of brain by itself. It has deep relations with heart fire and heart blood and kidney essence, and gastrointestinal function and liver with lung additionally. In another point, it makes the highly complicated psychological functions to be explained free from body relatively, and so can do a role in the complement of the strict 5 viscera theory.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.230-240
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• 2003

We investigated that Hwao-tang had various effects on stimulus-induced superoxide generation in human neutrophils. Hwao-tang significantly inhibited N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced superoxide generation in a concentration-dependent manner, but not that induced by arachidonic acid. Also, Hwao-tang significantly reduced mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan. The results suggest that protein tyrosine kinase participates in fMLP-mediated superoxide generation by Hwao-tang-treated human neutrophils. Also, the results indicate that Hwao-tang exerts anti-inflammatory effects related to the inhibition of neutrophil functions and of NO and prostaglandin E2 production, which could be due to a decreased expression of iNOS and COX-2.