• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.563-582
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• 2000

Two Cretaceous(80-90 Ma) non-marine sedimentary basins, Namyang and Tando Basins, are distributed in the Namyang area, Hwaseonggun and in the Tando area, Ansanshi, Kyungki Province, Korea. The Namyang and Tando Basins are composed of 10 facies, which are pooped into 5 facies associations(FA). FA I consists of massive conglomerate facies, normally graded conglomerate facies and reversely graded conglomerate facies, which is interpreted to have been formed by laminated sandstone facies, massive conglomerate facies(channelized), which is thought to have been formed by sheet flow, stream flow and suspension sedimentation in an alluvial/braided plain environment. FA III consists of massive mudstone(pebbly) facies, laminated mudstone facies, massive sandstone facies and is interbedded by channel-fill conglomerate. It is interpreted to have been deposited by suspension settling during flooding and channel-fill deposition in a floodplain environment. FA IV consists of massive conglomerate facies, normally graded conglomerate facies, massive sandstone facies, normally graded sandstone facies, and laminated sandstone facies and is interbedded with mudstone facies. It is thought to have been deposited by debris flow and turbidity current in a fan-delta environment. FA V consists of massive mudstone facies, laminated mudstone facies, laminated sandstone facies and is interbedded by massive conglomerate bed. It is thought to have been formed by suspension sedimentation and low-density turbidity current in a lake. In the Namyang Basin FA I is distributed in the eastern and southern margin of the basin, FA II in the middle part of the basin as north-south tending band. and FA III in the western part. In the Tando Basin FA II is distributed in the middle part of eastern margin and in the northwestern margin, FA IV in the southwestern part, and FA V in the central part. Correlation of the facies associations shows that FA I and II in the Namyang Basin are distributed in the lower to middle part of stratigraphic sequence and FA III in the upper part of the sequence whereas FA II and IV in the Tando Basin are in the lower to middle part and FA V in the upper part of the sequence. These patterns of facies associations distribution suggest that the Namyang Basin was developed as an alluvial fan and alluvial/braided plain at first and then evolved into a floodplain whereas the Tando Basin was developed as a fan-delta and alluvial/braided plain at first and then evolved into a lake environment.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.569-582
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• 2012

The heavy rainfalls caused large property damages and human casualties. For example, Changma caused 0.25 billion dollars in damages and 57 deaths and 112 missing by accompanying the torrentially convective heavy rainfall in Seoul, 2011. In addition, TY15 (Bolaven) caused a small damage by bringing a relatively small amount of rainfall and strong wind in Gwanju, 2012. The investigation and analyses of these mesoscale processes of rainfall events for different physical properties using KLAPS for weather environments of the above cases were performed. These typical and ideal meoscale systems by better and more favorable cloud systems were chosen to retrieve rain intensity from Radar and Chullian data. The quantitative rain intensities of Radar and Chullian differ greatly from the ground-based gauge values with underestimating over 50 mm/hr at the peak time of hourly maximum rain intensity about over than 85 mm/hr. However, the Radar rain intensity demonstrated approximately lower than 35 mm/hr, and the Chullian rain intensity less than 60 mm/hr for Changma in Seoul, 2011. For typhoon (TY15, Bolaven) in Gwangju, similarly, the quantitative rain intensities of Radar and Chullian differ from the ground-based gauge values. At the peak time, the hourly maximum rain intensity of ground-based gauge was more than 15 mm/hr. However, the Radar rain intensity showed lower than 5 mm/hr, and the Chullian rain intensity lower than 10 mm/hr. Regarding the above two cases of typhoon and Changma, even though Radar and Chullian rain intensities have been underestimated when compared to the ground-based rain intensity, the distributions of time scale features of both Radar and Chullian rain intensities still delineated a similar tendency of rain intensity distribution of the ground-based gauge data.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 1970

Studies were carried out to develope the most economical and practical methods of packaging and preservation of kimchi, so commercialization of kimchi manufacture could proceed rapidly. The results obtained may be summarized as following. (1) It is generally established that the acceptable range of lactic acid content of kimchi is between 0.4% and 0.75%. Based on sensory evaluation, kimchi having lactic acid content below 0.4% and above 0.75% was not edible, and the time of optimum taste corresponded to the vicinity of 0.5% of lactic acid content. For the refrigeration storage with or without preservatives, the packaging kimchi in plastic film must be done at the lactic acid content of 0.45%, for lactic acid fermentation will continue slowly after the packaging. However, for the heat sterilized kimchi the packaging should be done at the 0.5% of lactic acid content for the best because lactic acid fermentation is completely stopped after the packaging. (2) Polyethylene, polypropylene, and polycello were chosen as suitable packaging materials. Polyethylene is cheapest among them but kimchi packaged in this film was damaged frequently in handling process and gave off kimchi flavor. On the other hand polypropylene also gave off kimchi flavor, but its higher mechanical strength gave better protection to kimchi and it had superior display effect due to the transparancy. Therefore polypropylene made much better packaging material. Polycello proved to be the best packaging material from the standpoint of physical characteristics but its price is higher than that of other plastic films. To be effective, the thickness of plastic films for packaging kimchi must exceed 0.08mm. (3) Keeping property of kimchi appeared to be excellent by means of freezing. However, by the time the frozen kimchi was thawed out at room temperature, moisture loss due to drip was extensive, rendering the kimchi too stringy. (4) Preservation of kimchi at refrigerated temperatures proved to be the best method and under the refrigerated condition the kimchi remained fresh as long as 3 months. The best results were obtained when kimchi was held at $0^{\circ}C$. (5) In general, preservatives alone were not too elective in preserving kimchi. Among them potassium sorbate appeared to be most effective with the four fold extension of self-life at $20^{\circ}C$ and two fold extension at $30^{\circ}C$. (6) In heat sterilization the thickness of packaged kimchi product had a geat effect upon the rate of heat penetration. When the thickness ranged from 1.5 to 1.8cm, the kimchi in such package could be sterilized at $65^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. Kimchi so heat treated could be kept at room temperature as long as one month without apparent changes in quality. (7) Among combination methods, preservation at refrigerated and heat sterilization could be favorably combined. When kimchi was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ after being sterilized at $65^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes, it was possible to preserve the kimchi for more than 4 months.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.899-908
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• 2004

The rise of income and introduction of 5 day a week working system give korean people opportunities to enjoy their leisure time. And many korean people have much interest in oceanic sports such as yachting and also oceanic leisure equipments. With the popularization and development of the equipments, the scope of oceanic activities has been expanding in Korea just as in the advanced oceanic countries. However, The current conditions for the sports in Korea are not advanced and even worse than underdeveloped countries. In order to develop the underdeveloped resources of Korean marina, we need to customize the marina models of advanced nations to serve the specific needs and circumstances of Korea As such we have carried out a comparative analysis of how Austrailia, Newzealand, Singapore, japan and Malaysia operate their marina, reaching the following conclusions. Firstly, in marina operations, in order to protect personal property rights and to preserve the environment, we must operate membership and non-membership, profit and non-profit schemes separately, yet without regulating the dress code entering or leaving the club house. Secondly, in order to accumulate greater value added, new sporting events should be hosted each year. There is also the need for an active use of volunteers, the generation of greater interest in yacht tourism, and the simplification of CIQ procedures for foreign yachts as well as the provision of language services. Thirdly, a permanent yacht school should be established, and classes should be taught by qualified instructors. Beginners, intermediary, and advanced learner classes should be managed separately with special emphasis on the dinghy yacht program for children. Fourthly, arrival and departure at the moorings must be regulated autonomically, and there must be systematic measures for the marina to be able, in part, to compensate for loss and damages to equipment, security and surveillance after usage fees have been paid for. Fifthly, marine safety personnel must be formed in accordance with Korea's current circumstances from civilian organizations in order to be used actively in benchmarking, rescue operations, and oceanic searches at times of disaster at sea.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.103-111
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• 2020

Performance indicators have often investigated and developed in order to identify foundational elements and factors for an enhancement of performance in sports. In order to identify the valid performance indicators it is important that the indicators used within a performance analysis system discriminate between the winning and losing performances within a match (Hughes and Bartlett, 2002). However, the performance indicators proposed in research studies on basketball performance have not been used for real-time analysis and feedback within a coaching context. Such real-time support for the coach and players has been described within research on other sports (Choi et al., 2004; O'Donoghue, 2001; Palmer et al., 1997). Within the process of real-time feedback, the identification of relevant performance indicators that distinguish winning and losing performances should be the first stage of the development of a real-time analysis system. Therefore, this study investigated the differences between winning and losing teams in terms of a set of performance indicators gathered during the analysis of 10 English National Basketball League matches. Winning and losing teams were compared using whole match data (N=10) as well as individual quarters (N=40). A series of Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests was used to identify the relevant performance indicators that discriminate between winning and losing performers within whole matches and individual quarters. The tests found that 3 point shots made (p<0.05) and Assists (p<0.05) were significantly different between winning and losing teams within matches. However, 2 point shots made (p<0.05), 2 point shots attempted (P<0.05), percentages of 2 point shots scored (p<0.05), 3 point shots made (p<0.05), Defensive Rebounds (p<0.05) and Assists (p<0.05) were significantly different between winning and losing performance within quarters. The analysis task should be based on relevant performance indicators which explain the current performances to performance analysts and coaches. Within a real-time analysis and feedback scenario, this will have the additional benefit of supporting a decision based on immediate performance within the most recent quarter. Consequently, the real-time analysis system would use performance indicators which have the property of construct validity to support the decisions of the coach.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.213-226
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• 1993

In Korea, the urban studies of geography have mainly dealt with such a series of research as system of urban place and internal structure of urban area. The existing studies have been carried out with ecological approach. Ecologists, now a days, regard organiation and transfor-mation of the urban space as the process of invasion, succession, and segregation. However it is more proper that cities should be considered not as fragmantary objects, as some ecologists insist, but as synthetic ones in social structure. This research, with adopting a case of the renewasl of central area in Seoul, tried to make it clear that the formation and transition of the city is a product of social structure and examined polical and economic logic which exists in variation of urban space in detail. The results of this study are as follows; Urban renewal of central area is closely related with production and reproduction in capitalist society. In urban center, as business activities had increased since 1973 due to decen-tralization of production process, the necessity of reorganizing the land use in existing central area accordingly increased. The urban renewal program of central area in Seoul was inrroduced under such situation. The urban renewal of central area reflecting the capital logic has changed the central area with six hundred year's tradition. From the urban renewal of central area, not only was the central area, which traditionally had been mixed with various fun-ctions, simplified into the unitary area of busi-ness, but also physical landscape changed. As the land lot in renewal area expanded into regular shape, buildings became larger and taller. The program tremendously raised the price of related area. Aiming at these profits caused by the raised price, a great number of capitalists participated in the program. And as the benefit ratio of the manufacture sector continuously dropped with the economic recession, the pro-gram was carried out much more vigorously. That was because the idle capital accumulated during the recession was invested in property sector and was self-proliferated. The urban renewal raised the land value of central area and drove out the people living in this area. The people moved into the whole parts of the city resulting diffused squatter settlements. And the urban changes in central area were results of the policy of municipal authorities, who supported and systematized the changes lawfully and administratively, as well as reali-zation of capital logic. Due to the renewal policies of central area in Seoul, much more renewals by the only capitalists were carried out than those by the people themselves living in that area. The integration of land ownership in the law of urban renewal shows the reason of that. Moreover, the law allows the third deve-loper to participate in the tasks and admits the land expropriation rights. The municipal autho-rities guaranteed the profitability of the tasks through finacial aid, tax benifit, and relaxation of regulations for construction. As examined above, the changes in the land use of urban space have been led not by the ecological process of development of the city itself, but by the restructuring of capitalism and the intervention of the government authorities.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.23-39
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• 2014

An artificial rainwater reservoir installed in urban areas for recycling rainwater is an eco-friendly facility for reducing storm water effluence. However, in order to recycle the rainwater directly, the artificial rainwater reservoir requires an auxiliary system that can remove non-point source pollutants included in the initial rainfall of urban area. Therefore, the conventional soil filtration technology is adopted to capture non-point source pollutants in an economical and efficient way in the purification system of artificial rainwater reservoirs. In order to satisfy such a demand, clogging characteristics of the sand filter layers with different grain-size distributions were studied with real non-point source pollutants. For this, a series of lab-scale chamber tests were conducted to make a prediction model for removal of non-point source pollutants, based on the clogging theory. The laboratory chamber experiments were carried out by permeating two types of artificially contaminated water through five different types of sand filter layers with different grain-size distributions. The two artificial contaminated waters were made by fine marine-clay particles and real non-point source pollutants collected from motorcar roads of Seoul, Korea. In the laboratory chamber experiments, the concentrations of the artificial contaminated water were measured in terms of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and compared with each other to evaluate the performance of sand filter layers. In addition, the accumulated weight of pollutant particles clogged in the sand filter layers was estimated. This paper suggests a prediction model for removal of non-point source pollutants with theoretical consideration of the physical characteristics such as the grain-size distribution and composition, and change in the hydraulic conductivity and porosity of sand filter layers. The lumped parameter ${\theta}$ related with the clogging property was estimated by comparing the accumulated weight of pollutant particles obtained from the laboratory chamber experiments and calculated from the prediction model based on the clogging theory. It is found that the lumped parameter ${\theta}$ has a significant influence on the amount of the pollutant particles clogged in the pores of sand filter layers. In conclusion, according to the clogging prediction model, a double-sand-filter layer consisting of two separate layers: the upper sand-filter layer with the effective particle size of 1.49 mm and the lower sand-filter layer with the effective particle size of 0.93 mm, is proposed as the optimum system for removing non-point source pollutants in the field-sized artificial rainwater reservoir.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1448-1453
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• 2012

Fried fish pastes containing different size and amounts of red ginseng powder (RGP) were manufactured, and their physico-chemical and biological properties, including color changes, preservation, weight loss after heating, lipid oxidation, and total colony count were analyzed to improve fish paste quality. Sensory evaluation of fish pastes containing RGP was carried out, and the results showed that 1% and 850 ${\mu}m$ sized RGP additives were most preferred. In the color change test, decreased $L^*$ (lightness), increased $a^*$ (redness), and increased $b^*$ (yellowness) values were observed, which was similar to other additive-containing commercial fish pastes. In the physical properties test, hardness and chewiness significantly increased in the 90 ${\mu}m$ sized RGP group. Weight loss of fish pastes containing RGP after heating was attenuated compared to commercial fish pastes. Fish paste containing RGP showed an inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation. Especially, the 10 ${\mu}m$ sized RGP group showed the most significant inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation and reduced total microbes during storage. Therefore, 1% addition of RGP can give rise to high quality fish pastes through improvement of sensory evaluation and physico-chemical properties. Moreover, functionally and physiologically improved fish pastes can be produced by adding different amounts of RGP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2011

Korean wheat semolina (FS: fine semolina) with similar characteristics to durum wheat semolina was substituted at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% in pasta dough and the physical and cooking characteristics were investigated for making optimal pasta. Water absorption of the dough increased with the 10, 20, and 30% substitution ratio of FS. Development times were high with >30% substituted FS. This result positively influenced an increase in production and the preparation of the fresh noodle pasta. Furthermore, soft textured fresh noodles could be made due to the decrease in stability and increased weakness of the >30% substituted FS. The amylograph gelatinization characteristics of Korean wheat semolina exhibited an increase of gelatinization temperature and decrease of maximum viscosity when compared with durum wheat. The handling property of the dough showed more than 4 points in all sample groups. Weight and volume decreased and turbidity and cooking loss increased according to the increasing amount of substituted FS. However, samples with ${\leq}$ 30% FS substitution ratio had similar volumes and cooking losses when compared to the control. The L- and a-values increased and the b-value of color decreased as more FS was added. In a texture analysis, the hardness of the cooking noodles showed a low value with the >30% substituted FS. Springiness, gumminess, and chewiness exhibited a high value. In the results of a sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was high score with more than 7 points for the 30% added FS. The preferences for pasta colors were divided into white, which is similar to the Korean traditional noodle, and yellow, which is similar to durum wheat. Flavor and taste were not affected by substituting with FS. Low hardness and high chewiness was the most preferred noodle. These results suggest that >30% substituted FS was suitable for increasing quality and organoleptic qualities of Korean wheat pasta.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.273-282
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• 2012

This study has estimated Gyeongju National Park's natural environment and cultural relic value in the same way and then been performed to compare the size of the value. Representative method to measure environmental property is contingent valuation methods, CVM. The variables and estimated models adopted for the calculation were same and the respondents were asked by distinguishing between the amount which they would pay to preserve the natural environment and that which they were willing to pay to preserve the cultural relics. As the result, WTP(Willing to pay), the amount that they were willing to pay to preserve the natural environment of Gyeongju National Park was 17,838 won per person and that to preserve the cultural relics appeared to be 316,248 won per person. Based on this, it was estimated that the value of the natural environment with which Gyeongju National Park provided annual visitors was 47 billion won and that the annual value of the cultural relics was 845.7 billion. If the natural environment and the cultural relics value elements are united, it can be estimated that the natural environment and cultural relic value got at the time of people's first visit to Gyeongju National Park is 334,086 won and that the annual value is 893.4 billion won. In this study, the value of the cultural relics has been estimated 18 times higher than that of the natural environment. This reason was that visitors judged that a total of 66 cultural properties including 11 national treasures, 23 treasures, 13 historic places, one historic sites and scenic spot and 18 local cultural properties, etc. which were distributed in Gyeongju National Park were worth far more than the natural environment. Based on the result of this study, the operating management plan of Gyeongju National Park should include a differentiated operation strategy through consultation with relevant experts by taking into account characteristics of the physical components.