• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.461-467
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• 2005

Phthalate esters is recently considered as an environmental pollutant. This study investigated removal methods of phthalate esters in water environment. On tap water treatment condition with batch test, removal efficiency of coagulation precipitation of one oxidation were $26.6{\sim}33.8%$ and $10{\sim}15%$, respectively. Phthalate esters was effectively removed by the activated carbon adsorption process on tap water treatment condition. The operation of raw water with EBCT of 10 minutes on continuous process satisfied the standard of drinking water by the WHO and US EPA when the concentration of phthalate esters was $100\;{\mu}g/L$. On pilot plant test, coagulation precipitation process got $32{\sim}44%$ of removal efficiency, sand filtration process $6{\sim}10%$ and ozone oxidation process $8{\sim}10%$, respectively. DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP were not detected after the raw water was processed with activated carbon. The actual survey of phthalate esters removal by advanced water treatment showed that $29{\sim}76%$, $3{\sim}29%$ and $17{\sim}22%$ of phthalate esters were removed on coagulation precipitation process, sand filtration and ozone oxidation process, respectively. DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP were not detected after the raw water was processed with activated carbon.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

Based on the Benzoflex (Vesicol Chemical Co.) as PVC plasticizer substituents for Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), a series of new aromatic carboxylic acid ester compounds were designed as plasticizers, synthesized, and screened for the endocrine disrupting activity. 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and 2-methoxybenzoic acid (2) as the commercially available starting materials were reacted with diethylene glycol (3) in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid using Dean-Stark column to give diethylene glycol di-(2-hydroxy)benzoate (4, KH01) and diethylene glycol di-(2-methoxy)benzoate (5, KH02), respectively. And diethylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (7, KH03) and dipropylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (9, KH04) were obtained in high yields by treatment of nicotinoyl chloride (6) with diethylene glycol (3) and dipropylene glycol (8) in the presence of triethylamine as a base. To determine the estrogenic disrupting effect of new synthetic phthalate analogues, E-screen assay method was used. Of these compounds, 4 (KH01) was found to be compound without endocrine disrupting effect.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.360-368
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• 2013

Objectives: Phthalates are used in a large variety of products including as coatings of pharmaceutical tablets, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, emulsifying agents, and suspending agents. They have been the subject of great public concern in recent years. The extensive uses of this material have attracted attention and issues regarding its safety have been raised. Methods: In this study, three types of phthalate skin permeation were studied using matrixes such as ointments, creams and lotions in vitro. The absorption of phthalate diesters [Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-propyl phthalate (DPP) and Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DNPP)] using film former has been measured in vitro through rat skin. Epidermal membranes were set up in Franz diffusion cells and their permeability to PBS measured in order to establish the integrity of the skin before the phthalates were applied to the epidermal surface. Results: Absorption rates for each phthalate ester were determined and permeability assessment made to quantify any irreversible alterations in barrier function due to contact with the esters. Types of phthalate in vitro experimental results quickly appeared in the following order DMP > DPP ${\geq}$ DNPP. Conclusions: In the experimental results, lotion> cream> ointment, and the permeation rate of lotion with a great amount of moisture was the fastest. Skin permeation rate is generally influenced by the chemical characteristics of a given chemical, such as molecular weight and lipophilicity. As the esters became more lipophilic and less hydrophilic, the rate of absorption decreased.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2001

A study of the levels of phthalate and adipate esters, which are suspected as endocrine disruptors, in food packaging wraps and packaged foods were carried out. Among 11 wrap samples, 8 household wraps purchased at retail markets were polyvinyl chloride(PVC) and polyethylene(PE), while 3 commercial wraps at wholesale markets were PVC. All of 51 selected food samples, such as 12 samples of vegetable, 11 samples of fruit, 6 samples of bread and rice cake, 4 samples of meat and poultry, 4 samples of fish and 14 samples of side dish, packaged with commercial PVC wraps containing adipate esters were purchased at retail markets. The level of di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA) and diisononyl adipate(DINA) was from 2.2 to 17.9% and from 4.2 to 22.3% in household PVC wraps, respectively. In the commercial PVC wraps, the level of DEHA showed from 18.3 to 22.5%, while other phthalate esters were not detected. The phthalate and adipate esters were not detected in PE wraps. The level of DEHA in packaged foods, such as vegetable, fruit, bread and rice cake, meat and poultry, fish and side dish, were determined up to $8.2\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;17.4\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;31.0{\mu}g/cm^2,\;8.3\;{\mu}g/cm^2,\;2.1\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ and $92.3\;{\mu}g/cm^2$, respectively. The results suggested that migration levels of DEHA in foods were closely related to the fat content, wrapping condition of food and stroage time and temperature.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2019

Phthalate is a chemical endocrine disrupter and interfere with the action of hormones, estrogens, androgens and thyroid hormones. It also affect cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and reproductive system in the human and animals. Curcumin is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and -cancer properties in the human. We studied whether phthalates damage viability, mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm in boar semen. We also treated curcumin with/without phthalates in the boar semen. Fresh boar semen was treated with phthalates and/or curcumin for examining sperm characteristics. Sperm characteristics, sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, and membrane integrity were determined during storage of boar semen. Sperm motility and viability in dose-dependent manner decreased by di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP, p<0.05). Phthalates also decreased mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm (p<0.05). However, sperm motility and viability were higher than untreated-curcumin when DBP, MBP and DEHP treated with a curcumin in boar semen (p<0.05). Mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm were higher in DBP- and MBP-treated semen with curcumin (p<0.05). In conclusion, phthalates can damage sperm viability and quality during the boar semen storage, and curcumin may protect the boar sperms from phthalates during storage term.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2001

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used phthalate ester in polyvinyl chloride formulations including food packing and storage of human blood. DEHP is a well known as non-genotoxic carcinogen and endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). DEHP have shown all negative results in ICH-guildeline recommended standard genotoxicity test battery. In this study, to assess the clastogenic and DNA damaging effect in human-derived tissue specific cells, DEHP was treated in human derived MCE-7 cells, HepG2 cells, LNCap cells, BeWo cells, MCE-10A cells, and female peripheral blood cells using micronucleus assay and in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells up to $1.28$\times$10^{-2}$ M using Comet assay. The in vitro micronucleus assay is a mutagenicity test system for the detection of chemicals which induce the formation of small membrane bound DNA fragment i.e. micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells, originated from clastogenic and/or aneugenic mechanism. The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) is used to detect DNA strand-breaks and alkaline labile site. In our results, DEHP increased significantly and/or dose-depentently and time-dependently micronucleus frequency at the 6 and 24 hr without metabolic activation system only in MCE-7 cells. DEHP treated with 2 hrs in MCF-7 cells using Comet assay induced DNA damage dose-depentantly.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.191-203
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• 2011

There has been growing concern about the toxicity of phthalate esters. Phthalate esters are being used widely for the production of perfume, nail varnish, hairsprays and other personal/cosmetic uses. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been assessed by analyzing urine for their metabolites. The parent phthalate is rapidly metabolized to its monoester (the active metabolite) and also glucuronidated, then excreted. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of phthalic acid (PA), which is the final common metabolic form of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The individual PA isomers are extensively employed in the synthesis of synthetic agents, for example isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA), which have very broad applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers and components of polyester fiber, film and fabricated items. There is a broad potential for exposure by industrial workers during the manufacturing process and by the general public (via vehicle exhausts, consumer products, etc). This review suggests that PA shows in vitro and in vivo toxicity (mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, etc.). In addition, PA seems to be a useful biomarker for multiple exposure to PAEs in humans.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.1 s.140
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

To develop an whitening cosmetics, we isolated the melanogenesis inhibitors from the unripe fruits of Poncirus trifoliata (Rutaceae). Isolated compounds were identified as poncirin(l), naringin(2), bis(2-methylheptyl)phthalate(3), avenalumic acid methyl ester(4) by comparison of physical and spectral data with those reported in the literature. Among the isolated compounds, bis(2-methylheptyl)phthalate showed most potent inhibitory effect on the melanogenesis in cultured B-16 mouse melanoma cell lines$(IC_{50},\;36.8\;{\mu}M)$ compared with kojic acid$(IC_{50},\;150\;{\mu}M)$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.143-148
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• 2005

Plastics and vinyl resin is generally used in the various fields of industry and daily life. Except incineration, most waste has been disposed finally in landfill and the leaching of plasticizer as DEHP(di 2-ethylhexyl phthalaet) has been taken place in the landfill. DEHP had been found. for endocrine disrupter by World Wild Life Fund and Japan. In this study aimed at estimation of capacity of adsorption and measurement of phthalate ester in the residual soil. The residual soil had been gathered from three closed landfill which was under stabilization with sorting and transferring. The Dibutyl phthalate and DEHP had been contained in all residual soil. Especially, resisual soil contained DEHP much more than peripheral soil. In J landfill residual soil, organic matter content, CEC and #200 sieve passing ratio is highest, and Freundlich isotherm sorption coefficient(K) and constant(1/n) is highest.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.227.1-227.1
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• 2003

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of L-Carnitine, is the acetyl ester of carnitine that has been reported to be beneficial in depressive disorders and Alzheimer's disease.ALC is so hygroscopic that deliquescence took place when it absorbed moisture by 15%(w/w) in a week and then reached steady-state at 45%(w/w) in 40$^{\circ}C$, 75% RH storage condition. Therefore it is necessary to prevent ALC from absorbing atmospheric moisture. For this purpose, we chose hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) an enteric polymer, as a film former. (omitted)