• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2014

This review study was conducted to recommend the effective use of herbicide mixtures in Korea. The herbicide ingredients by Herbicide Resistancce Action Committee (HRAC) was classified into 23 groupes according to the mode of action (acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitors, acetolactate synthase, photosystem I and II inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors, glutamine synthetase inhibitors, dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitors, mitosis inhibitors, cellulose inhibitors, oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis inhibitors, synthetic auxins, auxin transport inhibitors and potential nucleic acid inhibitors or non-descript mode of action). The rice herbicide mixtures registered in Korea were classified based on the guideline of HRAC. Accordingly, such a classification system for resistance management can help to avoid continuous use of the herbicide having the same mode of action in the same field.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 1995

Developmental changes of chlorophyll-protein complexes (CPs) and plastid membrane proteins in greening mung bean cotyledons and the effect of spermine therein were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The changes in the amounts of CPs became larger with the progress of greening and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) was the main CP in the early greening stage up to f h. As the greening proceeded, chlorophyll-protein of the photosystem I (CPI) accumulated. Application of spermine were effective in accumulating CPs of the thylakoid membrane in the early phase of greening. In the profiles of the plastid membrane proteins, quantitative and qualitative changes were observed with the onset of greening up to 72 h. 56 kD protein of major intensity was observed in all greened chloroplasts and 24 kD protein increased remarkablly in both control and spermine-treated cotyledons. The thylakoids from spermine-treated cotyledons showed hither amounts of thylakoid proteins as compared to the controls. The results suggest that spermine may play a role in the regulation of plastid development and stabilizes the membrane function during greening.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.33-33
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• 1995

Developmental changes of chlorophyll-protein complexes (CPs) and plastid membrane proteins in greening mung bean cotyledons and the effect of spermine therein were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The changes in the amounts of CPs became larger with the progress of greening and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) was the main CP in the early greening stage up to f h. As the greening proceeded, chlorophyll-protein of the photosystem I (CPI) accumulated. Application of spermine were effective in accumulating CPs of the thylakoid membrane in the early phase of greening. In the profiles of the plastid membrane proteins, quantitative and qualitative changes were observed with the onset of greening up to 72 h. 56 kD protein of major intensity was observed in all greened chloroplasts and 24 kD protein increased remarkablly in both control and spermine-treated cotyledons. The thylakoids from spermine-treated cotyledons showed hither amounts of thylakoid proteins as compared to the controls. The results suggest that spermine may play a role in the regulation of plastid development and stabilizes the membrane function during greening.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.804-810
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• 2015

Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used for treating heart and liver disease. In the present study, the influences of temperature on photosynthetical capacity of S. miltiorrhiza under controlled cultivation environment using growth chamber were investigated because of providing information about growth and secondary metabolite synthesis. And effect of harvesting time on growth properties and constituents such as salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA were evaluated. Maximum photosynthesis rate ($5.102{\mu}mol\;CO2/m2/s$) and net apparent quantum yield ($0.147{\mu}mol\;CO2/m2/s$), stomatal conductance (0.035 mmol/m2/s) and water use efficiency ($7.108{\mu}mol\;CO2/mmol\;H2O$) was highest at $20^{\circ}C$. Results of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that elevated temperature had contributed to reduce a quantum yield and electron flux in photosystem. This result demonstrated that favorable temperature condition was determined at $20^{\circ}C$. Contents of salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA was highest in root sample harvested at 20 March, whereas growth and yield of S. miltiorrhiza had no significant differences with harvesting time. Therefore, this study shows that temperature play an important role in photosynthetic activity and harvesting time have influence upon accumulation of constituents in root of S. miltiorrhiza.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2011

In this study, the JIP test was exploited to assess drought-tolerance of transgenic rice overexpressing OsNAC10. Two types of promoters, RCc3 (root-specific) and GOS2 (constitutive), were used to drive the transcription factor OsNAC10, a gene involved in diverse functions including stress responses. Three-month-old plants were exposed to drought for 1 week and their fluorescence kinetics was evaluated. Our results showed that drought-treated non-transgenic plants (NT) have higher fluorescence intensity at the J phase (2 ms) compared to transgenic plants, indicating a decline in electron transport beyond the reduced plastoquinone ($Q_A^-$). As manifested by negative L bands, transgenic plants also showed higher energetic connectivity and stability over NT plants under drought conditions. Also, the pool size of the end electron acceptor at the photosystem I was reduced more in NT than in transgenic plants under drought conditions. Furthermore, the transgenic plants had higher $PI_{total}$, a combined parameter that reflects all the driving forces considered in JIP test, than NT plants under drought conditions. In particular, the $PI_{total}$ of the RCc3:OsNAC10 plants was higher than that of NT plants, which was in good agreement with their differences in grain yield. Thus, the JIP test proved to be practical for evaluating drought-tolerance of transgenic plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.845-853
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to predict the timing of nitrogen (N) demand through analyzing chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF), soil-plant analysis development (SPAD), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which are positively correlated with foliar N concentration in star cluster (Pentas lanceolata). The plants were grown in potting soil under optimal conditions for 30 d, followed by weekly irrigation with five concentrations (0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 mM) of N for an additional 30 d. These five N application levels corresponded to leaf N concentrations of 2.62, 3.48, 4.00, 4.23, and 4.69%, respectively. We measured 13 morphological and physiological parameters, as well as the responses of these parameters to various N-fertilizer treatments. The general increases in Dickson's quality index (DQI), above-ground dry weight (DW), total DW, flowering rate, ${\Delta}F/Fm$', and qP in response to treatment with 0 to 8 mM N were similar to those of SPAD, NDVI, and Fv/Fm. Consistent and strong correlations ($R^2$= 0.60 to 0.85) were observed between leaf N concentration (%) and SPAD, NDVI, ${\Delta}F/Fm$', and above-ground DW. Validation of leaf S PAD, NDVI, and ${\Delta}F/Fm$' revealed that these vegetation indices are accurate predictors of leaf N concentration that can be used for non-destructive estimation of the proper timing for N-solution irrigation of P. lanceolata. Moreover, irrigation with 8 mM N-fertilizer i s recommended w hen leaf N concentration, SPAD, NVDI, and ${\Delta}F/Fm$' ratios are reduced from their saturation values of 4.00, 50.68, 0.64, and 0.137%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1143-1153
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• 2016

Plant biomass, photosystem II (PSII) photochemical activity, photosynthetic function, and zinc (Zn) accumulation were investigated in a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ${\times}$ S. sudanense) exposed to various Zn concentrations to determine the elimination capacity of Zn from soils. Plant growth and biomass of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid decreased with increasing Zn concentration. Symptoms of Zn toxicity, i.e., withering and discoloration of old leaves, were found at Zn concentrations over 800 ppm. PSII photochemical activity, as indicated by the values of $F_v/F_m$ and $F_v/F_o$, decreased significantly three days after exposure to Zn concentrations of 800 ppm or more. Photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rate (A) was high between Zn concentrations of 100-200 ppm ($22.5{\mu}mol$ $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), but it declined as Zn concentration increased. At Zn concentrations of 800 and 1600 ppm, A was 14.1 and $1.8{\mu}mol$ $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. The patterns of stomatal conductance ($g_s$), transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (WUE) were all similar to that of photosynthetic $CO_2$ fixation rate, except for dark respiration ($R_d$), which showed an opposite pattern. Zn was accumulated in both above- and below-ground parts of plants, but was more in the below-ground parts. Magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) concentrations were significantly low in the leaves of plants, and symptoms of Mg or Fe deficiency, such as a decrease in the SPAD value, were found when plants were treated with Zn concentrations above 800 ppm. These results suggest that the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid is able to accumulate Zn to high level in plant body and eliminate it with its rapid growth and high biomass yield.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.169-174
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• 1998

Photosynthetic responses to dehydration were examined by the simulataneous measurement of O2 evolution and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence in green pepper leaves. Dehydration was induced by immersing the plant roots directly in the Hoagland solution containing varying concentration (2-30%) of polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000) . Water potential of the leaf was decreased time-and concentation -dependently by PEG-treatment. The decrease in water potential of leaf was correlated with the decrease in both the maximal photosynthesis (Pmax) and quantum yield of O2 evolution, but Pmax dropped more rapidly than quantum yield at all water deficit conditions tested. However, Chl fluorescence parameters were not affected much. Dehydration did not change the initial fluorescence (Fo) and maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) of photosystem(PS) II. Both the photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) were not changed by dehydration under low PFR(50 $\mu$mols m-2s-1 ). In contrast, under high PFR(270$\mu$mols m-2s-1)qP was slightly decreased while NPQ was greatly increased. The fast induction kinetics of Chl fluroecence showed no change in Chl fluorescence pattern by dehydration at high PFR (640 $\mu$mols m-2s-1 ), but exhibited a significant drop in peak level(Fp)at low PRFR (70$\mu$mols m-2s-1 ). PS I oxidation and reduction kinetics revealed normal reduction but delayed oxidation to P-700+, suggesting no lesionin electron flow from PSII to PSI , but impaired electron transport to NADP+,These results suggest that water stress caused by PEG-treatment results in the reduction of photosynthesis, promarily due to the reducted electron trasport from PSI to NADP+ or hampered subsequent steps involving Calvin Cycle.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.174-179
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• 2006

A cDNA library was constructed from leaf samples of 4-year-old Panax ginseng cultured in a field. 3,000 EST from a size selected leaf cDNA library were analyzed. The 349 of 2,896 cDNA clones has related with energy metabolism genes. The 349 known genes were categorized into nine groups according to their functional classification, aerobic respiration(48.4%), accessory proteins of electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(17.2%), glycolysis and gluconeogenesis(3.4%), electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(2.9%), respiration(2.0%), glycolysis methylglyoxal bypass(1.7%), metabolism of energy reserves(0.6%) and alcohol fermentation(0.3%).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.829-838
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• 2015

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), one of the oldest cultivated crops, is the most widely used Allium species belonging to the family Lilliaceae. In this study, growth characteristics, photosystem II activity, and antioxidative enzyme activity were investigated in five temperatures ($10-30^{\circ}C$) during early growth stage of garlic to determine the optimum temperature for cultivation and assess the effects of high temperature on early growth of garlic. Vegetative growth (e.g., shoot height, number of leaves) of garlic plants was greater in the temperature ranges of $15-25^{\circ}C$. However, dry weight (of shoot, bulb, and total plant) of garlic was significantly greater at $20^{\circ}C$, compared to either below or above $20^{\circ}C$. $F_v/F_o$ and $F_v/F_m$ values were highest at $15-20^{\circ}C$, and decreased above $25^{\circ}C$. The chlorophyll a fluorescence induction OKJIP transient was also considerably affected by high temperature; the fluorescence yields $F_i$ and $F_P$ decreased considerably above $25^{\circ}C$, with the increase of $F_k$ and $W_k$. Activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in leaves and peroxidase in roots were high in $20-25^{\circ}C$, and decreased significantly in $30^{\circ}C$. These results indicate that a growth temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ inhibits early growth of garlic and that it is desirable to culture garlic plants near $20^{\circ}C$. Fluorescence parameters such a $F_v/F_o$, $F_v/F_m$, $F_k$, $ET_o/CS_m$, and $PI_{abs}$ were significantly correlated with dry weight of whole garlic plants (p < 0.01), indicating that these fluorescence parameters can be used for early assessment of high temperature effects even though the damage to the plant is not very severe.