• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.735-742
• /
• 2010

Biogenic amines are synthesized by microbial decarboxylation for the putrefaction or fermentation of foods containing protein. Although biogenic amines such as histamine, tyramine, and putrescine are required for many physiological functions in humans and animals, consumption of high amounts of biogenic amines can cause toxicological effects, including serious gastrointestinal, cutaneous, hemodynamic, and neurological symptoms. In this study, a novel amperometric biosensor wasdeveloped to detect biogenic amines. The biosensor consisted of a working electrode, a reference electrode, a counter electrode, an enzyme reactor with immobilized diamine oxidase, an injector, a peristaltic pump and a potentiostat. A working electrode was fabricated with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by coating functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-$NH_2$) and by electrodepositing Prussian blue (PB) to enhance electrical conductivity. A sensor system with PB/MWCNT-$NH_2$/GCE showed linearity in the range of $0.5 {\mu}M{\sim}100 {\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide with a detection limit of $0.5 {\mu}M$. The responses for tyramine, 2-phenylethylamine, and tryptamine were 95%, 75%, and 70% compared to that of histamine, respectively. These results imply that the biosensor system can be applied to the quantitative measurement of biogenic amines.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.187-191
• /
• 2016

Biogenic amines have been used as chemical indicators of fermented foods. So far, several chromatography methods have been developed to detect biogenic amines in foods. However, few methods have identified these compound in domestic cheese. We analyzed the biogenic amines (histamine dihydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride, ${\beta}$-phenylethylamine hydrochloride, putrescine dihydrochloride, cadaverine, spermidine, tryptamine hydrochloride, ethanolamine hydrochloride and butylamine) in cheese by using HPLC. The calibration curves of the biogenic amines were found to be linear over the concentration range of 10-50 ppm with a correlation coefficient of above 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the biogenic amines in the given order were 3.7 and 11.3 ppm, 3.4 and 10.4ppm, 3.4 and 10.3 ppm, 4.0 and 12.2 ppm, 3.4 and 10.4 ppm, 3.4 and 10.5 ppm, 3.5 and 10.7 ppm, 4.1 and 12.5 ppm, and 3.4 and 10.4 ppm, respectively. Recovery rates of the biogenic amines in the given order were 112, 104, 93, 108, 91, 102, 101, and 92%, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that HPLC is a suitable method for the determination of biogenic amines, thereby indicating its potential application in the quality control of aging cheese.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 1999

To explain the theory of KIMI which is the theory of therapeutics in oriental medicine, monoamine oxidase(MAO) activities were measured in the brain and liver of mice which were orally administered oriental medicinal herbs which were classified into cold and hot drugs. Rheum palmatum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Gardenia jasminoides, Scutellaria baicalensis and Coptis japonica were considered as the cold drugs and Zingiber officinale, Aconitum carmichaeli, Asiasarum sieboldi, Evodia officinalis and Cinnamomum cassia were included in the hot drugs. The effects of cold and hot drugs on in vitro enzyme activities were measured and compared with the in vivo effects. Serotonin is important neurotransmetter involved in the control of body temperature. The MAO plays a central role in the metabolism of many neurotransmetter monoamines including serotonin. MAO is a flavoprotein found exclusively in the mitochondrial outer membrane, occuring in the MAO-A and MAO-B subtypes. MAO-A deaminates serotonin and noradrenaline, whereas MAO-B prefers phenylethylamine and benzylamine as substrates. Coptis japonica and Aconitum carmichaeli elevated the in vivo MAO activities and especialy, in vivo MAO-B activities were significantly increased. In vitro MAO-A activities were increased by hot drugs, whereas the in vitro MAO-B activities were inhibited. Cold drugs inhibited both enzyme activities in vitro.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.53-57
• /
• 1994

A comparison study on asymmetric borane reduction of ketoxime ethers and N-substituted ketimines possesing C = N double bond mediated by the selected chiral oxazaborolidines (1-6) was investigated. Thus, an aromatic ketoxime O-alkyl ether acetophenone oxime O-methyl ether was reduced to the corresponding amine (1-phenylethylamine 8a) with optical yields, such as 58% ee with 1, 86% ee with 2, 3% ee with 3, 99% ee with 4, 60% ee with 5, and 73% ee with 6. However, the reduction of an aliphatic ketoxime derivative 2-heptanone oxime O-methyl ether provided low optical inductions (7-13% ee). For ketoxime O-trimethylsilyl ethers, the reduction of acetophenone O-trimethylsilyl ether afforded 8a with optical yields which were 90% ee with 1, 40% ee with 2, 2% ee with 3, 62% ee with 4, 5% ee with 5, and 60% ee with 6. The reduction of 2-heptanone O-trimethylsilyl ether also gave the product amine with low optical yields (10-40% ee). In the case of N-substituted ketimines, the reduction of acetophenone N-phenylimine afforded the corresponding amine with 79% ee, 78% ee, 9% ee, 73% ee, 78% ee and 67% ee using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively, whereas low optical inductions (5-18% ee) for 2-heptanone N-phenylimine were achieved.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.152-161
• /
• 2018

This study aims to evaluate biogenic amine levels of bez sucuks (BS) produced with different meat:fat ratios. For this, three BS groups were manufactured with meat:fat ratios of 90:10 (BS10), 80:20 (BS20), and 70:30 (BS30). The pH and water activity values and biogenic amine amounts of sucuk samples were determined during processing and storage periods and the pH values of the initial mixtures of BS samples were in the range 5.51-5.74, decreasing to 4.72-4.94 by the $14^{th}$ day. The water activity values of BS samples showed significant decreases as a result of the drying stage and reached to range 0.913-0.935 on the $14^{th}$ day of processing (p<0.05). Although BS10 had the highest tyramine (434.12 mg/kg), histamine (5.69 mg/kg), cadaverine (12.48 mg/kg), putrescine (17.83 mg/kg), 2-phenylethylamine (15.43 mg/kg), and tryptamine (122.41 mg/kg) levels at the end of processing stage (p<0.05), spermine and spermidine levels did not differ between the BS samples due to their utilization of different meat:fat ratios (p>0.05). Similarly, the tryptamine (205.11 mg/kg), putrescine (43.57 mg/kg), and tyramine (766.23 mg/kg) levels of BS10 were higher than BS20 and BS30 samples at the end of storage (p<0.05). The results showed that BS10 with the highest meat ratio had the highest tryptamine, putrescine, and tyramine levels at the end of the processing and storage period.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.299-305
• /
• 2015

An HPLC analytical method was validated for the quantitative determination of biogenic amines in agricultural products. Four agricultural foods, including apple juice, Juk, corn oil and peanut butter, were selected as food matrices based on their water and fat contents (i.e., non-fatty liquid, non-fatty solid, fatty liquid and fatty solid, respectively). The precision, accuracy, recovery, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined to test the validity of an HPLC procedure for the determination of biogenic amines, including tryptamine, ${\beta}$-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine, in each matrix. The LODs and LOQs for the biogenic amines were within the range of 0.01~0.10 mg/kg and 0.02~0.31 mg/kg, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of intraday for biogenic amine concentrations ranged from 1.86 to 5.95%, whereas the RSD of interday ranged from 2.08 to 5.96%. Of the matrices spiked with biogenic amines, corn oil with tyramine and Juk with putrescine exhibited the least accuracy of 84.85% and recovery rate of 89.63%, respectively, at the lowest concentration (10 mg/kg). Therefore, the validation results fulfilled AOAC criteria and recommendations. Subsequently, the method was applied to the analysis of biogenic amines in fermented agricultural products for a total dietary survey in Korea. Although the results revealed that Korean traditional soy sauce and Doenjang contained relatively high levels of histamine, the amounts are of no concern if these fermented agricultural products serve as condiments.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.403-410
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the hygienic quality of commercial Kwamegi, a Korean traditional food, made from semi-dried Pacific saury. The hygienic qualities of 10 Kwamegi samples were examined from the 15 commercially available types. Samples with code 3, 4, 6, 11 and 12 were acceptable based on criteria suggested by Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (i.e. moisture below 50%, total mercury below 0.5 ppm, lead below 2.0 ppm, viable cells below $1.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g and coliform count below $1.0{\times}10^3$ MPN/100g. Peroxide value of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 15.3-104.1 meq/kg. Agmatine sulfate, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, dopamine and spermine were found in all of the 15 commercially available Kwamegi, while tryptamine and 2-phenylethylamine were not detected. Putrescine dihydrochloride was only detected in 7 samples. The histamine content of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 33-124mg/kg, which is believed to be an acceptable limit according to guidelines from other countries. Cadaverine can be used as a potential index for freshness of commercial Kwamegi as there is a good correlation between volatile basic nitrogen and biogenic amine contents.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2008

Biogenic amines are naturally occurring anti-nutrition factors. They are causative agents in food poising episodes and act as catalysts to allergic reactions. The most commonly occurring biogenic amines in foods are: Histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine, ${\beta}$-phenylethylamine, spermine, spermidine and agmatine. The objective of this study was to identify changes and content levels of specific biogenic amines at selected storage temperatures $20{^{\circ}C}$, $4{^{\circ}C}$, and $-25{^{\circ}C}$, respectively. This study will focus on histamine, cadaverine, and putrescine concentrations in the following dark-fleshed fishes: Mackerel (Scomber japonicus), Horse Mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), Mackerel Pike (Cololabis saira), and Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius). Biogenic amines were determined using a method based on an extraction procedure described in the derivatisation and HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The the recovery rate of individual amines was higher than those found in ion exchange chromatography. The results from the dark fleshed fish stability trial showed that high content of histamine (cadaverine and putrescine) were produced within a short period of time at $20{^{\circ}C}$. Fish stored at lower temperatures $4{^{\circ}C}$, showed lower content of biogenic amines. At $-25{^{\circ}C}$ the production of histamine, cadaverine and putrescine did not initiate until after day 100. All fish recorded the content of histamine below 1 mg/kg with the exception of the Horse Mackerel.

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.270-276
• /
• 2011

A nascent membrane was prepared by using the solution evaporation method with a solution of sPEEK, EdAn (cross-linking reagent), and PEA (grafting reagent) in DMAc. Then, after the imination and sulfonation process the cross-linked and grafted ion-exchange membrane, CG-sPEEK, was obtained. The sulfonation and imination reactions were confirmed by FTIR analysis. In order to evaluate the possibility of prepared membrane for the use of an ion-exchange membrane in PEMFC, proton conductivity, water uptake and volume change were measured and compared with a commercial membrane, Nafion 115. It was revealed that since the proton conductivity (0.17 S/cm) of prepared membrane were much higher than those of Nafion 115 (0.10 S/cm) the prepared membrane could be used for the ion-exchange membrane in PEMFC. However, the high water uptake (130%) of CG-sPEEK should be reduced for the dimension stability.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 1999

Animal models can provide a useful tool for the study of some aspects of psychiatric disorders and their treatment. The four criteria for the evaluation of animal models of psychiatric disorders are as following : 1) similarity of inducing conditions 2) similarity of behavioral state 3) common underlying neurobiological mechanisms 4) reversal by clinically effective treatment techniques. Several animal models have been proposed for schizophrenia : phenylethylamine model, L-dopa model, hallucinogen model, cocaine model, amphetamine model, phencyclidine model, noradrenergic reward system lesion model, reticular stimulation model, social isolation model, conditioned avoidance reaction, catalepsy test, paw test, self-stimulation paradigms, latent inhibition paradigms, blocking paradigms, prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, rodent interaction, social behavior in monkeys, hippocampal damage, high ambient pressure, and models using selective breeding. Among them, animals with bilateral lesion of the hippocampus may provide an adequate animal model for several symptoms of schizophrenia, and ketamine model can reproduce negative symptoms and cognitive deficits as well as positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In conclusion, no model of schizophrenia is entirely representative of the disease, and findings gleaned from model systems must be cautiously interpreted. Furthermore, the process of developing and validating animal models must work in concert with the process to identify reliable measures of human phenomenology.