• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.167-178
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the selected electromyographical muscle activities of trunk and hip during Professional and Amateur golfer's Iron swing. Using surface electromyography, we evaluated muscle activities in 6 male professional golfers and 6 male amateur golfers during the golf iron swing. Surface electrodes were used to record the level of muscle activity in the right abdominal oblique, left abdominal oblique, right erector spinae, left erector spinae, right rectus abdominis, left rectus abdominis, right gluteus maximus, left gluteus maximus muscles during the golfer's swing. These signals were compared with IEMG(Integrated EMG) which was normalized by %RVC(Reference voluntary contraction). The golf swing was divided into three phases: take away, forward swing-acceleration, follow-through. We observed patterns of trunk muscle activity throughout three phases of the golf swing. The results can be summarized as follows: LES(Left Erector spinae) had statistically significant difference in take away and forward swing-acceleration phases. It was showed no significant difference in follow-through phase.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.853-856
• /
• 2006

Dion-Jacobson phases $CsCa_2Nb_2FeO_9$ and $CsCa_2Nb_2AlO_9$ were reinvestigated by the Rietveld analysis of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These nominal compounds, previously known as the oxygen-deficient layered perovskites with the sequences of $NbO_6-MO_4-NbO_6$ in tripled slab, in fact, were mixed phases of n = 3 Dion-Jacobson phases and impurities such as $Ca_2NbFeO_6$ and $Ca_3Al_2O_6$. The difference of morphology and chemical in-homogeneity between Dion-Jacobson phases and impurities could be clearly identified by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The chemical composition of $CsCa_2Nb_2FeO_9$ was calculated into $Cs_{0.59}Ca_{2.64}Nb_{2.92}Fe_{0.81}$ in small agglomerate crystals and $Cs_{0.95}Ca_{1.97}Nb_{3.08}Fe_{0.15}$ in long plate-like crystals.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.24-32
• /
• 1987

This study was designed to investigate the changes of nurses' role model, perceptions toward occupation, and self actualization value in terms of the phases of socialization process. Two hundred and sixty nine nurses working in clinical settings were randomly selected from 15 general hospitals despersed over Seoul and Kyungki province. Data were gathered by the standardized Perceptual Orientation Test, the Self-actualization Test, and Questionnaires on role models and phases of socialization process developed by the investigators from October 1985 to March 1986. The data were analysed by ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results were as follows: 1. The average time period required for the shift of phases of socialization process were; phase Ⅰ, role adjustment, took average 10 months of employment: Phase Ⅱ, interpersonal adjustment, 12 months: and Phase Ⅲ, role conflict, 15 months respectively. Conflict resolution, phase Ⅳ, began to take place 18 months of employment; and shifted to phase V, internalization and self-actualization at 25 months of employment. 2. Throughout 5 consecutive phase, the number of immediate superior nurse model was dominantly the highest among the role models. The number of head nurse role model increased at phase Ⅱ, phase Ⅲ, and phase Ⅳ. Respondents with school model in phase I tended to transfer to work model at phase Ⅱ. 3. The perceptions toward occupation were not significantly influenced by the Phases of socialization process. 4. The score of self-actualization value was not significantly influenced by the phases of socialization process. 5. In regard to perceptions toward occupation, nursing director model group showed significantly lower score in phase I (p<.01). 6. The comparison of self-actualization value between the 5 phases revealed significant difference in phase I: in particular among respondents with school model at p<.05. To conclude: 1. The phase Ⅲ of socialization process is the period of role conflict which occur at 15 months of employment, an6 conflict resolution, phase Ⅳ, begins at 18 months of employment on the average in clinical settings. 2. The immediate superior nurse and the head nurse are important role models for nurses all through their socialization process.

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.177-195
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic variables of ankle joints and EMG signal of the lower limbs muscle activity for the different walking speed. The subjects were 6 males of twenties. It was classified into three different walking speed-0.75m/s, 1.25m/s, 1.75m/s. The walking performances were filmed by high speed video camera and EMG signal was gained by ME3000P8 Measurement Unit. Tibialis anterior(TA), Gastrocnemius medial head(GM), Gastrocnemius lateral head(GL), Ssoleus(SO) were selected for the dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle joint. The result of this study were as follows: 1. In the gait cycle, The time parameters for the phases were showed significant difference without the terminal stance phase and terminal swing phase for the different walking speed. 2. The angle of ankle joint was no significant difference for each time point and MDF, MPF but increasing walking speed the angle had the increasing pattern slightly. 3. The angular velocity of ankle joint was showed the significant difference for LHC, RTO, RKC, LHU, MPF and MDF point along the walking speed. 4. TA was showed about 2-3 times muscle activity at the 1.75m/s than 1.25m/s in some phases. And it was showed the similar muscle activity between the 0.75m/s and 1.25m/s but, showed a little much muscle activity in the 0.75m/s. GM was showed about 2-3 times muscle activity in the 1.75m/s than 1.25m/s, and even much muscle activity at the 0.75m/s than 1.25m/s in some phases. GL was showed increasing pattern of muscle activity specially in the initial swing phase as the walking speed increased. SO was showed about 3 times muscle activity in the 1.75m/s than 1.25m/s during the plantarflexion of ankle joint. It was showed the similar muscle activity between the 0.75m/s and 1.25m/s but, showed a little much muscle activity in the 1.25m/s.

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze kinematic variables in the badminton smash motion through 3-dimensional image analysis. The kinematic variables were velocity of joints in upper limbs, the angle of wrist in the impact, and the angular velocity of the top of racket head. The smash motions of four male badminton players in H University and four male students at department of the physical education in K University who were not majoring in badminton were analyzed kinematically and the attained conclusions were as follow. 1. The velocity of segments in upper limbs of the unskilled group was faster than that of the skilled group. The movement pattern was fast back swing-slow impact moment-fast fellow through in the unskilled group, but slow back swing-fast impact moment-slow follow through in the sullied group. 2. As the BS phases, the velocity of segment in right shoulder was different significantly between groups. Right elbow and right wrist segments, velocity of racket head was different significantly between groups(p<.05) by IP phases. As the FT phases, there was no significant difference. 3. The angle of right wrist at the impact, the angle of palm flexion and the angle of palm flexion in aspect were shown that the skilled group was higher than unskilled group. There was no significant difference. 4. The velocity of racket head was shown that the unskilled group has fast velocity, but the angle velocity was shown the unskilled group has slow. 5. The angle velocity of racket head in aspect were no significant difference between groups, but maximal angle velocity was different significantly between groups(p<.05).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제23권10호
• /
• pp.1463-1482
• /
• 2002

Partially doped Aurivillius phases SrBi2N$b_{2-x}M_xO_9$ (M=Cr and Mo) were successfully synthesized and characterized. The extent of the substitution was limited at ~20 mole % because of the size differences between $Nb^{5+}$ and $Cr^{6+}$, and between $Nb^{5+}$ and $Mo^{6+}$. When the amount of substitution exceeded ~20 mole%, the phases began to collapse and the second phases were made. The dielectric constants of substituted compounds were enlarged nevertheless Cr or Mo is substituted. The increment is bigger in the Mo substituted compound than in the Cr doped one although the Nb(Cr)$O_6$ octahedra could be more strongly distorted than the Nb(Mo)$O_6$ octahedra since the ionic size difference between $Nb^{5+}$ and of $Cr^{6+}$ is much bigger than that between $Nb^{5+}$ and $Mo^{6+}$. Consequently, the dielectric constant of the substituted Aurivillius phase $Bi_2$A_{n-1}B_{n-x}M_xO_{3n+1}$$ depends on the extent of distortion of the B$O_6$ octahedra and more strongly on the polarizability of the metal.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.331-338
• /
• 2015

Purpose: This study was done to identify differences in the life transition process of parents caring for children with autism according to parents' socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: Participants were 194 parents caring for children with autism. Data were collected from December 2013 to February 2014 through self-report questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 20.0. Results: Mean scores for despairing or accepting phases were higher than those for denying or wandering phases in the life transition process. According to parents' gender, educational level, and job, there were some significant differences in the denying and wandering phases. Differences in denying phase by education (p=.033), job (p=.004) were significant. Respondents with higher educational level, and having a job showed a lower level of denying than other respondents. Wandering phase differed significantly by gender (p=.009) and job (p=.001). Mothers and those who did not have a job showed a higher level of wandering than fathers and those who had a job. However, there was no difference in the despairing or accepting phases. Conclusion: The life transition phase of parents with autistic children needs to be assessed to provide differentiated and intensive support program and help them move to the accepting phase.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2023

As a result of algal bloom, algal organic matters (AOMs) are rapidly increased in surface water. AOMs can act as precursors for the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are serious problems in water treatment and human health. The main aim of this study is to characterize the formation of DBPs from AOMs produced by three different algae such as Oscillatoria sp., Anabaena sp., and Microcystis aeruginosa under different algal growth phases. In an effort to examine formation of DBPs during chlorination, chloroform (TCM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) were determined under various CT (product of disinfectant concentration and contact time, mg·min/L) values. Generally, the amounts of DBPs tended to increase with increasing CT values at the most growth phases. However, there was a significant difference between the amounts of DBPs produced by the three algal species at different growth phases. This result is likely due to the chemical composition variability of AOM from different algae at different growth phases. In addition, the effect of pre-ozonation on coagulation for the removal of AOMs from three algal species was investigated. The pre-ozonation had a positive effect on the coagulation/flocculation of AOMs.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제17권sup호
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2011

본 시험은 사료내 phytase 첨가가 육성비육돈의 생산량과 분뇨 배설량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행하였다. 3원 교잡종 (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc) 육성비육돈 80수를 공시하였으며, 처리구는 phytase 첨가 유무에 따른 2처리구, 처리구당 5반복, 반복당 8수씩을 육성비육돈의 체중 (50, 80, 110 kg)에 따라 3단계로 나누어 phytase 첨가 유무 (0, 500 FTU/kg)와 육성 비육돈 성장 3단계 (육성I기, 육성II기, 비육기)의 $2{\times}3$ 복합요인으로 7일간씩 수행하였다. 육성비육돈의 성장 단계에 따른 개시체중은 각각 $58.6{\pm}3.9$, $83.2{\pm}3.8$ 및 $111.4{\pm}5.4kg$ 이었다. 증체량은 phytase 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 높았으며 (P<0.01), 성장 단계별로 보면 육성II기의 증체량이 가장 높고, 비육기의 증체량이 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 사료요구율은 phytase 무첨가구가 첨가구에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 비육기의 사료요구율이 가장 높았다 (P<0.05). 사료섭취량과 음수량은 성장 단계와 phytase 첨가 유무에 따른 섭취량의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다 (p>0.05). 분의 배설량은 성장 단계에 따라 감소하였으며 (p<0.05), phytase 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 감소하였다 (p<0.01). 뇨의 배설량은 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 질소와 인의 섭취량은 phytase 첨가 유무와 성장 단계에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 질소의 배설량은 phytase와 성장 단계에 따른 차이가 없었으나, 인의 배설량은 phytase 첨가구에서 감소하였다. 질소와 인의 배설율은 phytase 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 감소하였다 (P<0.05).

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.431-440
• /
• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between accuracy score and the motions which are performed in PyeongWon Poomsae, thereby developing objectivity in accuracy evaluations for Poomsae competitions. Method : The subjects were six male Poomsae players (age: $21.2{\pm}1.17yrs$, height: $173.4{\pm}3.95cm$, weight: $67.7{\pm}7.65kg$). A three-dimensional motion analysis was performed on the subjects using six high-speed cameras (60 frames/sec) and subjects' performed motions were evaluated by 5 evaluators. The entire Pyeong Poomsae was divided into 13 events and 9 phases; there were three pairs of symmetric phases among them: front kick & turning side kick phases (3PH, 3-1PH), arm motion & stance phases (4PH, 4-1PH), side kick with Hakdari-stance phases (5PH, 5-1PH). Performance time, change and range of COM, height of vertex, and foot of side kicks were analysed. The Data was analysed utilizing correlation analysis. Results : There was a positive correlation between accuracy score and the difference between right and left range of COM (X direction) at 4PH (r=0.921, p=0.009). Conclusion : The results of our study indicate that it is necessary to consider some of objective criterion such as performance time, COM range, and symmetrical movements in accuracy evaluations of Poomsae competitions.