• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.458-464
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• 2015

Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal and temperature variations in bunker fuel oil C contaminated soil were investigated by using microwave radiation in the presence of triiron oxide or activated carbon as a heating element. Temperature increments of $1.4{\sim}1.6^{\circ}C/Watt$ were observed, when 100~500 watt of microwave radiation was applied for the contaminated soil in the presence of triiron oxide or activated carbon. Temperature variation of the soil was more rapid in the presence of triiron oxide than activated carbon. 10% or 25% of heating element content was required to reach the temperature of thermal desorption for triiron oxide and activated carbon respectively. After radiation, 44.1% and 89.4% of initial TPH in soil was removed in the presence of triiron oxide and activated carbon respectively. It was observed that activated carbon was more reactive than triiron oxide for the removal of high molecular carbon of bunker fuel oil C.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.590-598
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• 2006

In-situ Air sparging (IAS) is a groundwater remediation technique, in which organic contaminants volatilize into air form the saturated to vadose zone. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of sludge and soil microbial community structure on air sparging of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) contaminated groundwater soils. In the laboratory, diesel (10,000 mg TPH/kg) contaminated saturated soil. The Air was injected in intermittent (Q=1500 mL/min, 10 minute injection and 10 minute idle) modes. For Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of eubacterial communities in sludge of wastewater treatment plants and soil of experiment site, the 16S rDNA was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from the sludge and the soil. The obtained 16S rDNA fragments were digested with Msp I and separated by electrophoresis gel. We found various sequence types for experiment with sludge soil samples that were closely related to Agrococcus, Flavobacterium, Thermoanaerobacter, Flexibacter and Shewanella, etc, in the clone library. The results of the present study suggests that T-RFLP method may be applied as a useful tool for the monitoring in the TPH contaminated soil the fate of microorganisms in natural microbial community.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 2018

Purpose : The subject site selected in this study was a place that was prepared through the reclamation of foreshore completed in 1973. Since then, the site has been occupied by the industry of ship repair for over 30 years. Method : The results of a precise soil examination conducted in 2013 showed that the site was seriously contaminated with TPH over an area of $10,000m^2$ and GL(-)3.0m in depth, with an expanding coverage of contamination. Results : The soil contamination by refined petroleum products often results in adverse effects to human health and ecological systems, thus the contamination should be purified as soon as possible. Conclusion : Hydrogeological investigation can be employed to assess the groundwater movement and propagation of contamination to determine the potential agents or contaminants in the soil contaminated with high concentration TPH.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.7-14
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to identify the characteristics of groundwater in the petroleum contaminated site and to evaluate the applicability of house-type landfarm facilities heated with briquette stoves in winter season. The six monitoring wells were installed at the site where pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were all measured. Also groundwater contaminants, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and total petroleum hydrocarbon, were analyzed twice. House-type two landfarm facilities ($12m{\times}40m{\times}4.8m$) each installed with four briquette stoves were constructed. During four rounds treatment process, VOCs, moisture, temperature were monitored and soil contaminants were analyzed. The pH was 6.37 and considered subacid and DO was measured to be 3.12 mg/L. The temperature of groundwater was measured to be $9.48^{\circ}C$. The groundwater contaminants were detected only in the monitoring wells within the contaminated area or close to it showing that the groundwater contaminated area was similar to the soil contaminated area. During the landfarm process, 73.3% of VOCs concentration in interior gas was decreased and moisture was lowered from 17.7% to 13.4%. In the morning, at 8:00 am, the temperature was decreased showing soil ($5.5^{\circ}C$) > interior ($4.8^{\circ}C$) > exterior ($3.5^{\circ}C$). In the afternoon, at 2:00 pm, the temperature was soil ($8.6^{\circ}C$) < interior ($9.9^{\circ}C$) < exterior ($11.5^{\circ}C$) with solar radiation. The temperature difference between interior and exterior was $0.7^{\circ}C$ in the morning, but it was $1.6^{\circ}C$ in the afternoon. A total of 130 days were taken for four round landfarm processes. Each process was completed within 33 days showing 80% of cleanup efficiency ($1^{st}$ order dissipation rate(k) = 0.1771).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.9-17
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• 2014

This paper reported the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and the culture-based method in the intrinsic bioremediation study at a petroleum contaminated site. The study showed that phenol hydroxylase gene was detected in groundwater contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers (BTEX) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). This indicated that intrinsic bioremediation occurred at the site. DGGE analyses revealed that the petroleum-hydrocarbon plume caused the variation in microbial communities. MTBE degraders including Pseudomonas sp. NKNU01, Bacillus sp. NKNU01, Klebsiella sp. NKNU01, Enterobacter sp. NKNU01, and Enterobacter sp. NKNU02 were isolated from the contaminated groundwater using the cultured-based method. Among these five strains, Enterobacter sp. NKNU02 is the most effective stain at degrading MTBE without the addition of pentane. The MTBE biodegradation experiment indicated that the isolated bacteria were affected by propane. Biodegradation of MTBE was decreased but not totally inhibited in the mixtures of BTEX. Enterobacter sp. NKNU02 degraded about 60% of MTBE in the bioreactor study. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), acetic acid, 2-propanol, and propenoic acid were detected using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry during MTBE degraded by the rest cells of Enterobacter sp. NKNU02. The effectiveness of bioremediation of MTBE was assessed for potential field-scale application.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.721-730
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• 2006

The effects of compost amendment on the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons and the activities of microorganisms in soil ecosystem have been studied in bioremediation of diesel contaminated soil. The relation between biological activities and removal of petroleun hydrocarbon was determined by ATP(Adenisine Triphosphate), n-alkanes and TPH concentration analysis. After 80 days of bioremediation, the removal of TPH in soil amended with compost increased more than 10% compared with control soil which was tilled in the same condition without compost addition. The biodegradations of n-alkanes having 12 to 20 moles of carbon were distinctive. As the soil was contaminated with more diesel, the ATP has decreased rapidly. When the TPH amounted to 80,000 mg diesel/kg, the ATP decreased to 4 ng/g from initial concentration of 65 ng/g. While the ATP in the compost amended soil increased to 112 ng/g after tilling for 6 days, the ATP in the control increased to merely 36 ng/g after tilling for 14 days. Also while the control soil showed a lag time in ATP increase, the compost amended soil did not show that but showed a rapid ATP increase within a short time. The patterns of changes in ATP concentration were similar to those in daily removals of TPH with time difference of about 7 days.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.179-182
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate petroleum hydrocarbon degradation processes governing natural attenuation at tile contaminated site and accomplished through conducting on investigation of degradation rate, capacity, and mechanism of the monitored natural attenuation. The monitoring results of the three years indicated that the concentrations of DO, nitrate, and sulfate in the contaminated area were significantly lower than these in the none-contaminated area. The results also showed a higher ferrous iron concentration, a lower redox potential and a neutral pH in the contaminated groundwater, suggesting that biodegradation of TEX is the major on-going process in the contaminated area. However, reduction of TEX in the groundwater was not only biodegradation but also dilution and reaeration during infiltration of uncotaminated surface and groudwater.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.362-367
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• 2014

This study was performed to test the applicability of the ozone/hydroxy radical reaction system, which applied advanced oxidation processes, to remove total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from the fine soil in washing water of the soil washing process. Removal efficiency was tested on 40 L of washing water in a pilot reaction tank. Fine soil contaminated with $800mg\;kg^{-1}$ TPH was prepared at 5% and 10% suspended solids. Testing conditions included ozone/hydroxy radical flow rates of 40, 80, and $120L\;min^{-1}$, and processing time of 2 to 12 hours. The removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbon from water waster by ozone/hydroxy radical was increased with higher flow rates and lower percentages of suspended solids. Optimal efficiency was achieved at $80L\;min^{-1}$ flow rate for 4 hours for the 5% suspended solids, and $120L\;min^{-1}$ for 6 hours for the 10% suspended solids. These results verified the efficiency of hydroxy radical in removing TPH and the applicability of the ozone/hydroxy radical reaction system in the field.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of solids content and mixing speed in treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils using a slurry-phase bioreactor. Performance results on slurry-phase bioremediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil were generated at the bench-scale level. The fate of TPH(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) was evaluated in combination with biological treatment. Abiotic and biotic fate of the TPH were determined using soil not previously exposed to compounds in diesel fuel. The reactor volume for given throughput can be reduced by maximizing the solids content. Applications of 50% and 20% solids content(dry weight basis) were showed a little difference(57.5% : 61.6%) in biological TPH removal rate each other. Mixing and particle suspension are critical to desorption and biological degradation. In this standpoint, this study was performed using two mixing speed. When the reactor was operated at 70rpm, it had a better result in the particle suspension and TPH removal rate than the reactor with mixer rotated at 20rpm. In the reactor applied 20rpm, it was resulted in failure of particle suspension.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.99-112
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• 2020

Rhizoremediation, based on the ecological synergism between plant and rhizosphere microorganisms, is an environmentally friendly method for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. In order to mitigate global climate change, it is necessary to minimize greenhouse gas emissions while cleaning-up contaminated soils. In rhizoremediation, the main factors affecting pollutant remediation efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions include not only pollutant and soil physicochemical properties, but also plant-microbe interactions, microbial activity, and addition of amendments. This review summarizes the development in rhizoremediation technology for purifying oil-contaminated soils. In addition, the key parameters and strategies required for rhizoremediation to mitigate climate change mediation are discussed.