• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.486-495
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• 2020

We surveyed disease outbreak status that has recently become a problem in organic tomatoes and cucurbit in plastic greenhouse that were grown without spraying pesticides during the plastic greenhouse growing season of 2015 to 2019. It was found that the incidence of leaf mold, tomato spotted wilt virus, and tomato chlorosis virus disease was severe in tomato, and disease incidence of powdery mildew and zucchini yellow mosaic virus were severe in Cucurbit. The disease outbreak was found to be faster and more severe in crops grown in pesticide-free cultivation plastic greenhouses than in plastic greenhouses that are cultivated in general using pesticides. In particular, the occurrence of viral diseases mediated by thrips and aphids was found to be severely damaged. Therefore, in order to produce good organic products, it is important to effectively control pests, and in order to minimize the damage caused by disease, sanitation and physical blocking, and comprehensively utilize organic materials or microorganisms to prevent them.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the pesticide residue pattern among different leafy vegetables applied with foliar spraying under greenhouse and to check extrapolating from some residue trial data to other minor crops. Leafy vegetables used in this study were: Mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.), Kale (Brassica oleracea L.), Dacheongchae (a kind of pak-choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.)), Leaf broccoli (Brassica oleracea var alboglabra), Perilla leaf (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. Frutescens), Leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) and Red leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi). These are cultivated all year under indoor or outdoor and cut the leaf from plant continuously during harvest time. The amounts of pesticide deposit in/on the continuous harvesting leafy vegetables were affected by the ratios of leaf area to weight. Ratio of perilla leaf was the largest among crops as 58 $cm^2/g$. The residue levels of 7 pesticides in/on perilla leaf were the highest than those of other crops through the statistical analysis from zero day to fifth day after last application. The representative crop in 8 crops was perilla leaf selected based on the amounts of daily consumption and the high residues. This study suggest that the continuous harvesting leafy greens should be separated from the one time harvesting leafy vegetables for the pesticide recommendations because of different harvesting habits and pre-harvest intervals.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2001

Using a new evaluation method, Congo red method, the foliar uptakes of eight fungicides were measured. Among the fungicides tested, fenarimol, myclobutanil, edifenphos, isoprothiolane, and tricyclazole were found to be penetrable (11.0~42.8%), and were continuously absorbed into the leaf regardless of their formulation types. Procymidone, dimethomorpb, and ethaboxan were seldomly absorbed into plant leaf. The uptakes of dimethomorph and ethaboxam were facilitated (18.1~22.7%) in the presence of Koremul-OE-20, as an activator, showing plateau phase at 12h after application. Foliar uptake of fenarimol and myclobutanil into cucumber plant by spray application was larger than that by dropping application, while observed opposite in the cases of dimethomorph and ethaboxam containing activator. Congo red method in conjunction with spraying application used in the present study produced the clear results on foliar uptake of fungicides and therefore proved to be better than the conventional method in which the dropping application of pesticide has been used.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.90-101
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate influencing factors of health problems which the vinyl house farmers had experienced. Method: Based on PRECEDE model, this study was done with 110 respondents(50 to 69 years old), working in vinyl house and living in the remote area where the primary health post located. Results: Quality of life was low in economical status, emotional status, and physical function. Health problems were founded as pain and chronic fatigue that were caused by physical symptoms, weakened physical strength, and increased blood pressure and cholesterol. Behavioral and environmental factors were related with lack of exercise, irregular eating habit, curtailed sleep, overwork, wrong working postures, stress, and non-fulfillment of safety standard during spraying pesticide. Self efficacy was low in excercise practice, working way, and stress management. Conclusion: The Health Promotion Program for vinyl house farmers should be developed to improve health promoting behavior and self efficacy, to reduce stress, and to strengthen physical function.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2015

This study surveyed the selling, buying, usage, selection and spraying frequency of pesticides on apple orchards in Geochang, Gyeongsangnam-do province from 2012 to 2013 and found that the fungicides, insecticides and acaricides were sprayed $13.9{\pm}3.5$, $12.6{\pm}3.2$, and $2.6{\pm}1.3$ times per year, respectively. Fungicides were applied mainly to control for Diplocarpon mali, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Alternaria mali, whereas insecticides were sprayed mostly to control Grapholita molesta, Carposina sasakii insects. Dealers sold pesticides without monitoring of the pests in the apple orchards, and also sometimes sold pesticides which are non-registered for apple. Most of the farmers were highly relied on dealers' recommendations to choosing the brand product. Relating on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on apple orchards in Geochang, residual active ingredient of frequently sprayed fungicides, insecticides, and acaricides were analyzed. Most applications of the fungicides, insecticides and acaricides were well corresponded with FAO's recommendations. For production of safe food and use of pesticides, it is requested to develope control calender and consideration of training program for farmers. The regional characteristics and environmental situation of the farm also should be considered.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.479-483
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• 2014

The area of greenhouse horticulture has increased dramatically since the early 1990s in Korea. However, area per farmer still very small and diverse pest species occurs in greenhouse abundantly because of its protected condition. To manage pests, farmers use many pesticides frequently. Incessant and improper use of chemicals provoked pesticide resistance in pest and poisoning of farmers. In this study, we investigated the efficiencies of automatic dry fog sprayer for controlling two aphid species, Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae, in greenhouse horticulture. When doors and side windows were completely closed in automatic dry fog sprayer treatment greenhouse, aphids were controlled similar level with conventional spraying method (percent control: 61.0~94.1%). However, when half of the doors and side windows of the greenhouse were opened, aphids were controlled poorly (percent control: 36.0~54.4%).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: The personal protective equipments (PPEs) is the most important factor for reducing the pesticide exposure during the preparation and spraying of pesticides. This study was to investigate the retention, repellence and penetration of protective clothing of PPEs according to the ISO 22608 'Liquid penetration resistance-pipette test. Protective clothing for agriculture worker is very important for their health. However, test method for measurement of protective clothing is not presented in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: In order to measure the retention, repellence and penetration of protective clothing, a apparatus for pipette method in accordance with the ISO Guideline was prepared. The test was conducted at $25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$ of relative humidity and pipette applied to a apparatus was validated to take exact amount(0.2 mL). The retention, repellence and penetration of five types of protective clothing and one type of shirt were analyzed by GC/MS. Pendimethalin(5% a.i, emulsion) was used as a test pesticide to measure above factors. The retention were less than 11.0% with the exclusion of two types(F4 and shirt) and the repellency was more than 67.0% with the exclusion of shirt material. The penetration was less than 5.4%, however, that of shirt was 66.7%. CONCLUSION: This results indicated that all protective clothing were suitable to use as PPEs according to the criteria specified by ISO Guide 22608. However, shirt was not suitable due to high penetration. This test method established for measurement the retention, repellence and penetration of protective clothing will help to establish the test notice of pipette method.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the spray toxicity and leaf residual toxicity of 52 kinds of insecticides registered for strawberry against adult honeybee Apis mellifera. According to the IOBC standard, the acute toxicity by spraying showed below 30% was classified as non-toxic. Among tested insecticides, 32 insecticides (flonicamid, lufenuron, novaluron, three kinds of acetamiprid, thiacloprid, milbemectin, acequinocyl, TBI-1, two kinds of chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron, cyenopyrafen, cyfumetofen, etoxazole, fenpyroximate, flubendiamide, flufenoxuron, hexythiazox, metaflumizone, two kinds of methoxyfenozide, DBB-2032, pyridalyl, spiromesifen, tebufenpyrad, teflubenzuron, acetamiprid + methoxyfenozide, acrinathrin + spiromesifen, bifenazate + spiromesifen, cyenopyrafen + flufenoxuron) did not show any toxic effect, it is thought to be safe. And the others (20 insecticides) showed higher toxicity to honeybee. Insecticides which showed acute toxicity higher than 90% was selected and tested the residual toxicity. All insecticides except emamectin benzoate EC, and indoxacarb SC showed 100% mortality at one day after treatment (DAT). However, the toxicities of emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb SC, and abamectin did not show until 3, 7, 14 DAT, respectively. Nine insecticides such as indoxacarb WP, thiamethoxam WG, abamectin + chlorantraniliprole SC, acetamiprid + etofenprox WP, acetamiprid + indoxacarb WP, bifenthrin + clothianidin SC, bifenthrin + imidacloprid WP, bifenazate + pyridaben SC, chlorfenapyr + clothianidin SC showed over 90% residual toxicity until 31 Day. In pouring treatment, thiamethoxam WG showed 76.9% mortality at 28 DAT and 50.0% mortality at 31 DAT. After 35 days, thiamethoxam WG showed no effect to honeybee. Bifenthrin + clothianidin SC and tefluthrin + thiamethoxam GR showed 57.1 and 80.0% mortality at 24 DAT, respectively. In spraying treatment, thiamethoxam WG and bifenthrin+clothianidin SC showed very high residual toxicity with 100% mortality in thirty-five DAT. After spraying treatment with thiamethoxam WG, bifenthrin+clothianidin SC, bifenthrin + imidacloprid WP, thiamethoxam WG showed 100% residual toxicity until 21 DAT and there was no activity after 28 DAT. Bifenthrin+clothianidin SC and bifenthrin+imidacloprid WP showed very high residual toxicity until 49 DAT.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1997

This study was carried out to reveal the status of health examination among farmers and to attract more attention to the health care system for farmers. Ten pre-trained medical students interviewed the rural residents 18 years of age and older in eight villages which were randomly selected from a county near Taegu city in Korea, in August 1996. Finally 751 persons were interviewed of whom the percentages of male and female were 41.8%, 58.2% respectively. Among the subjects, 361(48.3%) were fully engaged in farming, 184(24.4%) were partly engaged, and the remaining 206(27.3%) were not engaged in farming at all. The overall prevalence of farmer's disease was 23.0% and there was no significant difference between the group of fully engaged in farming(23.3%) and the group of not-fully engaged(22.9%). But the prevalence of farmer's disease in female subjects(27.8%) was significantly higher than that in male(16.2%)(p<0.01). Among the 288 farmer engaged in spraying pesticide, 113(39.2%) had experienced one or more pesticide related symptoms during last one year, but only 18(15.9%) of them had visited medical facilities due to their symptoms. The experience of receiving education about pesticide was significantly correlated with the degree of wearing protectors during pesticide spraying(p<0.001). Among the 736 persons excluding non-respondents, 281(38.2%) received health examination during last one year ; 176(62.6%) of them received free health examination, and 105(37.4%) received charged one. Among the 533 persons 40 years age and older, only 124(23.3%) had received the 'health examination for the elderly' during last one year, which is provided for the 40 years age and older by Korea medical insurance corporation and medical insurance societies. Most of all beneficiaries of self-employed medical insurance thought the imposed contributions as very expensive(77.4%) or moderately expensive(13.2%). The great majority of farmers are exposed to various health risk factors including pesticide, high temperature, overwork etc. comparable to industrial workers. But farmers are excluded from the regular yearly worker's health examination because of not belonging to a company despite they pay relatively more medical insurance contributions compared with the industrial workers and the urban self-employed medical insureds. It is necessary to develop special health management program for farmers such as the special health examination for the industrial workers exposed harmful agents.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.173-184
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate pesticide residues from fifty streams in Korea. Water samples were collected at two times. Thee first sampling was performed from april to may, which was the season for start of pesticide application and the second sampling event was from august to september, which was a period for spraying pesticides multiple times. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 136 pesticide residues were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and GC/ECD. As a result, eleven of the pesticide residues were detected at the first sampling. Twenty eight of the pesticide residues were detected at the second sampling. Seven pesticides were frequently detected from more than 10 water samples. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) was carried out by using residual and toxicological data. Four scenarios were applied for the ERA. Scenario 1 and 2 were performed using LC50 values and mean and maximum concentrations. Scenarios 3 and 4 were conducted by NOEC values and mean and maximum concentrations. CONCLUSION: Frequently detected pesticide residues tended to coincide with the period of preventing pathogen and pest at paddy rice. As a result of ERA, five pesticides (butachlor, carbendazim, carbofuran, chlorantranilprole, and oxadiazon) were assessed to be risks at scenario 4. However, only oxadiazon was assessed to be a risk at scenario 3 for the first sampling. Oxadiazon was not assessed to be a risk at the second sampling. It seems to be temporary phenomenon at the first sampling, because usage of herbicides such as oxadiazon increased from April to march for preventing weeds at paddy fields. However, this study suggested that five pesticides which were assessed to be risks need to be monitored continuously for the residues.