• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.321-326
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• 1993

최근 효과적인 분리와 에너지 절약을 위한 분리공정의 첨단기술로 등장한 방법은 고분자 분리막을 이용한 막분리 기술이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 청정한 사과쥬스를 역삼투 공정을 이용하여, 막의 특성, 공정압력, 온도, 유량 등의 변화에 따른 농도변화 및 투과유속을 측정하여 예측모델식을 수립하고, 품질변화 분석에 관하여 실험한 바 그 결과는 다음과 같았다. 일반적으로 역삼투공정 동안 쥬스농도가 증가할수록 삼투압이 증가하여 투과유속이 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 온도, 유량의 변화에 따른 투과액 속도는 큰 변화가 없었으나 압력에 따른 투과액 속도는 전형적으로 증가함을 보였다. 따라서 투과유속을 높이는 요인으로는 공정압력, 온도, 공급유량의 순이었다. 투과액 유속예측 모델식은 $SPSS^x$ computer program을 이용하여 가장 오차가 적은 범위에서 최종적인 예측 모델식을 얻었다. 압력변화에 따른 당, 향기성분의 변화는 당의 경우 각 압력차에 따라 큰 차이가 없이 평균 93.8%의 회수율을 보였으며 향기성분의 경우 압력이 높을수록 회수율이 증가함을 보였다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.483-491
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• 1994

중공사막 반응기를 이용한 유용단백질의 분리 빛 효소로 분해된 단백칠 가수분해물의 분자량별 분획 에 있어서 발생되는 fouling 현상은 투과유출속도의 감소와 막반응기의 효율적인 이용에 문제가 되는 주 된 원인이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 중공사막(MW 10,000 cut off)반응기를 이용하여 단백질(gelatin, milk casein 및 bovine serum albumin)을 연속적으 로 가수분해할 때 가수분해물의 한외여과에 있어 발생되는 fouling을 알아 보기 위해 막반응기의 작동 시간, 단백질 용액의 농도, 온도 빛 pH 변화에 따른 투과유출속도로 측정하였으며, 아울러 효소 첨가에 의한 생성물의 투과유출속도도 효소무첨가구와 비교 검토하였다. Gelatin용액의 초기 투과유출속도는 $19.3\ell/m^2.hr$로 작동시간에 관계없이 거의 일정하였으며, casem 빛 albumin용액은 각각 작동시간 60 분 후에 초기 투과유출속도의 50% 빛 43%가 감소 하였다. 단백질 용액의 농도 빛 온도의 증가에 따른 투과유출속도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, pH 변 화에 따른 투과유출속도는 세 종류의 단백칠 모두­등전점 pH영역에서 가장 낮았다. Alcalase의 첨가 로 인한 gelatin 용액의 투과유출속도는 작동시간 40분까지 초기 투과유출속도에 비해 $7.51\ell/m^2.hr$증가하였으나, 불용성 단백질인 cas em 빛 albumin 용액의 투과유출속도는 초기 투과유출속도에 비해 감소하는 경향이였다. 그러나 효소를 첨가하지 않았 을 경우보다는 향상되었다. 따라서 연속식 재순환 막효소반응기에셔 분해물의 투과유출속도는 단백질의 성질이 변하지 않는 온도범위 내에서 온도의 증가 및 등전점 pH영역을 벗어난 pH로 조정해야 하며, 불용성 단백질의 경우는 가수분해시 미리 단백질을 효소로 엘정시간 처리한 다음 재순환시키면 fouling을 현저하게 감소시킬 수 있다.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.12-17
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• 2007

We performed periodic water-back-flushing using permeate water to minimize membrane fouling to enhance permeate flux in tubular ceramic microfiltration system for water treatment of high turbid source. The filtration time (FT) = 2 min with periodic 6 sec water-back-flushing showed the highest value of dimensionless permeate flux ($J/J_o$), and the lowest value of resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$), and we acquired the highest total permeate volume $(V_T)\;=\;6.805L$. Also in the result of BT effect at fixed FT = 10 min and BT (back-flushing time) = 20 sec showed the lowest value of $R_f$ and the highest value of $J/J_o$, and we could obtain the highest $V_T\;=\;6.660\;L$. Consequently, FT = 2 min and BT = 6 sec could be the optimal condition in water treatment of high turbid source above 10 NTU. However, FT = 10 min and BT = 20 sec was superior to reduce operating costs because of lower back-flushing frequency. Then the average quality of water treated by our tubular ceramic MF system was turbidity of 0.07 NTU, $COD_{Mn}$ of 1.86 mg/L and $NH_3-N$ of 0.007 mg/L.

• 멤브레인
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.216-225
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• 2002

원자력 분야를 포함하는 다양한 산업에서 발생하고 있는 오일 함유 폐액의 처리에 있어서 전기여과막 공정의 적용성을 평가할 목적으로 폴리프로필렌 정밀여과막을 사용한 모의 오일 에멀젼 폐액의 막 여과 실험을 수행하였다. 이때 투과 플럭스에 대한 전기장의 효과 및 투과 플럭스에 영향을 주는 주요 인자들로써 막간 차압, 교차흐름 유속 및 오일 에멀젼 농도의 영향을 고찰하였다. 전기장을 가해주는 전기정밀여과 공정은 기존의 전기장을 사용하지 않는 막 여과 공정에 비해서 막 오염 문제를 현저히 개선함으로써 투과 플럭스가 크게 향상되었으며 장기간의 조업시에도 상당한 투과 플럭스의 유지가 가능함을 보였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2013

In this study, ageing characteristics of an industrial hollow-fiber membrane module were investigated after 50 months of drinking water production. For this purpose, the industrial module was opened to make 18 smaller modules with hollow-fibers taken from different parts of the industrial module. These modules were probed by the use of a magnetic nanoparticle (NP) challenge test based on magnetic susceptibility (K) measurement of permeate. No magnetic susceptibility was detected in permeate when the challenge test was performed on an intact membrane module, indicating the complete retention of nanoparticles by the membrane. The compromised membrane module can be successfully detected by means of magnetic susceptibility measurement in permeate. So, this study clearly demonstrates that ageing of ultrafiltration membranes can be monitored by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of permeate from an ultrafiltration membrane module. These results showed that the hollow fibers in the center zones of the bundle would age faster than those in the outer zones around the bundle. This result is in agreement with numerical simulation (Daurelle et al. 2011).

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.212-219
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• 2018

Perovskite type ceramic membranes which exhibit dual ion conduction (proton and oxygen ion conduction) can permeate water and can aid solving operational problems such as temperature gradient and carbon deposition associated with a working solid oxide fuel cell. From this point of view, it is crucial to reveal water transport mechanism and especially the nature of the surface sites that is necessary for water incorporation and evolution. $BaCe_{0.8}Y_{0.2}O_{3-{\alpha}}$ (BCY20) was used as a model proton and oxygen ion conducting membrane in this work. Four different catalytically modified membrane configurations were used for the investigations and water flux was measured as a function of temperature. In addition, CO was introduced to the permeate side in order to test the stability of membrane against water and $CO/CO_2$ and post operation analysis of used membranes were carried out. The results revealed that water incorporation occurs on any exposed electrolyte surface. However, the magnitude of water permeation changes depending on which membrane surface is catalytically modified. The platinum increases the water flux on the feed side whilst it decreases the flux on the permeate side. Water flux measurements suggest that platinum can block water permeation on the permeate side by reducing the access to the lattice oxygen in the surface layer.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

In this study periodic water-back-flushing using permeate water was performed to minimize membrane fouling and to enhance permeate flux in tubular ceramic micro filtration system for Gongji stream water treatment in Chuncheon city. The filtration time (FT) 2 min with periodic 6 sec water-back-flushing showed the highest value of dimensionless permeate flux ($J/J_0$), and the lowest value of resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$), and we acquired the highest total permeate volume ($V_T$) of 7.44L. Also in the results of BT effect at fixed FT 10 min, BT (back-flushing time) 20 sec showed the lowest value of $R_f$ and the highest value of $J/J_0$, and we could be obtained the highest $V_T$ of 8.04 L. Consequently FT 10 min and BT 20 sec could be the optimal condition in Gongji stream water treatment. Then the average rejection rates of pollutants by our tubular ceramic MF system were 93.8% for Turbidity, 20.7% for $COD_{Mn}$, 39.2% for $NH_3$-N and 31.5% for T-P.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2002

A bench-scale anoxic membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a ceramic crossflow ultrafiltration module, was evaluated to treat a synthetic wastewater containing alkaline hydrolysis byproducts (hydrolysates) of RDX, The wastewater was formulated the same as RDX hydrolysates, and consisted of acetate, formate, formaldehyde as carbon sources and nitrite, nitrate as electron accepters. The MBR system removed 80 to 90% of these carbon sources, and approximately 90% of the stoichiometric amount of nitrate, 60% of nitrite. The reactor was also operated over a range of transmembrane pressures, temperatures, suspended solids concentration, and organic loading rate in order to maximize treatment efficiency and permeate flux. Increasing transmembrane pressure and temperature did not improve membrane flux significantly. Increasing biomass concentration in the bioreactor decreased the permeate flux significantly. The maximum volumetric organic loading rate was $0.72kg\;COD/m^3/day$, and the maximum F/M ratio was 0.50 kg N/kg MLSS/day and 1.82 kg COD/kg MLSS/day. Membrane permeate was clear and essentially free of bacteria, as indicated by heterotrophic plate count. Permeate flux ranged between 0.15 and $2.0m^3/m^2/day$ and was maintained by routine backwashing every 3 to 4 day. Backwashing with 2% NaOCl solution every fourth or fifth backwashing cycle was able to restore membrane flux to its original value.

• 멤브레인
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 4종류의 관형 세라믹 정밀 및 한외여과막(탄소 재질)으로 제지공장의 방류수를 물로 주기적 역세척하면서 여과하였을 때, 최적 역세척 시간을 규명하였다. 각 분리막에 대상으로 물 역세척 시간의 영향을 살펴 본 결과, 분리막의 기공이 클수록 길게 역세척 하는 것이 가장 많은 총여과부피, 즉 처리수의 회수 효율이 높기 때문에 가장 효과적이라 할 수 있다. 한편, 180분 동안 여과하면서 초기투과선속에 대한 투과선속의 변화를 살펴본 결과, 정상운전시간이 길수록 막오염이 많이 진행된 상태이므로 역세척 시간을 길게 해주여야만 막오염을 억제하여 높은 투과선속을 유지할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 막오염의 저항 변화 추이를 관찰하여 최적 물역세척 시간을 규명해 보아도, 투과선속의 변화로부터 얻은 최적 역세척 시간과 거의 동일한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of membrane fouling caused by soluble organic materials in a membrane bioreactor process. For the removal of filterable organic materials (FOC) smaller than $1{\mu}m$, coagulants and activated carbon were added. A membrane bioreactor using a submerged $17{\mu}m$ metal sieve was operated in laboratory scale to examine the possibility of membrane fouling control. As the dosage of GAC and coagulant increased, the residual FOC concentration decreased and the permeate flow rate increased markedly. The permeate flux increased with an increased PACl addition at the range from 0 to 50 mg/l. At coagulant dosage of 27mg/l, the removal of FOC was about 46% and the flux increased to 3.5 times compared to the case without PACl addition. The permeate flux increased gradually with an increase in GAC dosage. At GAC dosage of 50mg/L, the permeate flux was about 2 times higher compared that for raw water. The particle in the range of $0.1{\sim}1.0{\mu}m$ were removed effectively by the addition of GAC and coagulant. Higher osage of GAC and coagulant, led to higher removal of FOC. A different set of experiments was also performed to investigate the effect of pretreatment on the permeation ability of MBR system using the metal sieve membrane. After 40 hours of operation, the permeate flux was about 1,000 ($L/m^2-hr$), which is 20 times higher compared to the results in literature. It is likely that combined pretreatment using coagulant and activated carbon was the most effective to resolve membrane fouling problems. Moreover, the continuous operations could be successful by applying this pretreatment method.