• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.434-441
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• 2009

This study was conducted to compare the biological activities of 7 melania snails from the family Pleuroceridae (Semisulcospira coreana, Koreanomelania nodifila, Semisulcospira forticosta, Koreoleptoxis globus ovalis, Semisulcospira libertina, Semisulcospira tegulata and Semisulcospira gottschei) in Korea. Among the 7 species, S. coreana, Korean. nodifila, S. forticosta and S. gottschei showed over 80% cytotoxicities on three cancer cell lines (SNU-1, A549 and Hep 3B) compared to the non-treatment, whereas S. libertina and S. tegulata showed almost no growth inhibition activities on the same cancer cell lines. In relation to ACE inhibition activity, only S. coreana, Korean. nodifila, and S. forticosta showed over 60% ACE inhibition activities, whereas other melania snails exhibited inhibition activities of lower than 25%. DPPH radical scavenging activities were also determined, and used to categories melania snails into three groups based on Duncan's multiple range test at P<0.05. The amount of TNF-${\alpha}$ produced by in vitro mouse peritoneal macrophage was determined according to bioactivity on L-929 cells. Three melania snails, S. coreana, Korean. nodifila and S. gottschei, exhibited 95.2%, 89.7% and 93.7% cell death(%) on L-929 cells, respectively. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitory activity was also obtained in the extract of S. coreana (31.9%) and Korean. nodifila (28.1%), showing that these extracts can be used as supplemental dietary health foods. In conclusion, we believe that the extracts of melania snails should be given due consideration in functional health food development.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2008

Tremella aurantialba, one of edible and medicinal mushrooms belonging to Tremellaceae of Basidiomycota, has been known to have outstanding curing effects on coughing, tracheitis and hypertension of humans and antitumor activity on the sarcoma 180 and Erhrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that all crude polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as RAW 309 CR.1 and Sarcoma 180 at the concentration of $2000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of $11.1{\sim}66.7%$ in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. MeOH improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 1.16 folds at the concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$. In case of Fr. HW, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 1.42 and 2.87 folds, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2008

Lentinus giganteus, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belongs to Pleurotaceae of Agaricales, has been known to contain some inhibitive substances on Sarcoma 180 and curative effect on high blood pressure. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180 and HepG2 at the concentration of $10{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, but crude polysaccharides from Fr. NaCl was toxic to NIH3T3 at the concentration of $10{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides showed life prolongation effect of $14.3{\sim}67.5%$ in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180, respectively. Fr. NaCl exhibited the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.53{\sim}1.68$ folds compared with control at the concentration of $50{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 7.7 and 1.6 folds by injecting Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH into the mice at the concentration of 50 mg/ml body weight, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 1968

The small type piroplasma which is known to be prevailing in Korean cattle was injected to un-susceptible hosts such as mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, fowls and developing chicken eggs by i.v., i.p, and intra C.A.M. routes, and its morphological development in each animal species was observed. 1. The small type piroplasma of cattle did not produce any pathogenicity in the experimental animals such as mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, fowls and developing chicken embryos. However, only a partial sign for developing cycle of the organism was observed in the peritoneal fluid. The schizogony of protozoa was not detected in any organs of the inoculated animals. 2. In the animals inoculated, the parasites of I-III types, relative to the process of time in the host, have changed their shapes into IV-VI types and then VI-X types however, the type X was not restored to the type I. In guinea pigs, more grape type was detected then X type in number, and in process of time, the shape was changed from round to elliptic, and the pointed end of the organism appeared in flesh color. 3. None of the organisms were found from the blood stream of inoculated animals excepts only a few piroplasma as were found in the experimental mice shortly after inoculation or i.v. route, No protozoa was also found in the organs of the animals autopsied. 4. The form change of protozoa was more clear in these animals than that in susceptible host. The most piroplasmas have changed their forms into VI-X types 30 hours after inoculation and were dispersed from R.B.C. Tracing of piroplasrna beyond this stage was not attempted. 5. The small type piroplasma comprises in I. X types and it is further believed that VII-X types which were freed from one cell proceeded to invade others. The from of development resembles to the small type of piroplasma which is prevailing in Japan.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1106-1113
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• 2002

Purpose : Nuclear ($factor-{\kappa}BNF-{\kappa}B$) is now recognized as playing a potential role in programmed cell death and the adaptive response to various stress. Cellular hypoxia is a primary manifestation of many cardiovascular diseases. It seems that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin like growth factor-I(IGF-I) have a function as a protective molecule in the heart against several stress including hypoxia. In this study, the role of $NF-{\kappa}B$ to the cellular response and regulation of protective molecules against the acute hypoxia in the heart was studied. Methods : To cause acute hypoxic stress to the heart, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to hypoxic chamer($N_2$ 92% and $O_2$ 8%). After the hypoxic exposure, nuclear proteins, total proteins and mRNA were isolated from heart. Translocation of the transcription factors $NF-{\kappa}B$, NF-ATc, AP-1 and NKX-2.5 were evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA). The expression of IGF-I and VEGF were studied before and after the hypoxic stress by competitive-PCR, Northern hybridization and Western hybridization. To confirm the role of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ in the heart, the rats also were pretreated with diethyl-dithiocarbamic acid(DDTC) into peritoneal cavity to block $NF-{\kappa}B$ translocation into nucleus. Results : The expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$, AP-1 and NF-ATc were increased by the hypoxic stress. Increased expression of the VEGF and IGF-I were also observed by the hypoxic stress. However, the blocking of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ translocation reduced those expressions of VEGF and IGF-I. Conclusion : These results suggest that $NF-{\kappa}B$ has a protective role against the acute hypoxia through several gene expression, especially VEGF and IGF-I in heart muscle.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

Armillaria tabescens, one of edible and medicinal mushrooms belonging to Agaricales of Basidiomycota, has been known to have outstanding curative effects on chronic hepatitis and cholecystitis and inhibitory effects on the sarcoma 180 and Erhrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr, NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr, MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests showed that crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as NIH3T3 and Sarcoma 180 at the concentration of $2000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of $28.8{\sim}46.5%$ in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180, respectively. Fr. NaCl improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.8{\sim}2.1$ folds, respectively. In case of Fr, NaCl, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 9 and 1.9 folds, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.623-631
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• 2010

Hericium erinaceus, an edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to the Basidiomycota family, has been used for curing gastric ulcers and stomach cancers in human beings and is also known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma in mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to as Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from the fruiting body of the mushroom. In in vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HepG2, HT-29 and NIH3T3 at concentrations of $10{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited a life prolongation effect of 29.1~54.1% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. Na increased the numbers of spleen cells by 2.9 fold at a concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ compared with the control. Fr. Na improved the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocytes by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity by 5.5 fold compared with the control at a concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$. Fr. NaCl increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes by 4 and 2.3 folds at a concentration of 50 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the crude polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body of H. erinaceus could improve antitumor activities in mice.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2006

Tremella fuciformis, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to Tremellaceae of Basidiomycota, has been known to have a curative effect on sarcoma 180 of mice and lowering high blood pressure of human beings. Neutral salt soluble [0.9% NaCl (Fr. NaCl)], hot water soluble (Fr. HW) and methanol soluble (Fr. MeOH) substances were extracted from Tremella fuciformis. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, Fr. HW and Fr. NaCl were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as NIH3T3, Sarcoma 180, and HT-29 at the concentration of $2000{\mu}g/ml$, while Fr. MeOH was cytotoxic to NIH3T3 and Sarcoma 180. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl showed antitumor effect with life prolongation of 53% in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. NaCl improved the immunopotentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $3.0{\sim}8.1$ folds, respectively. Intraperitoneal injection with Fr. NaCl increased the numbers of peritoneal exudated cells and circulating leukocytes by 7.4 folds and 1.6 folds, respectively, than in the control group. The antitumor effect of T. fuciformis against Sarcoma 180 of mice was likely due to immunopotentiation activity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2011

Agaricus brasiliensis, one of edible mushroom belonging to Basidiomycota, has been used for curing gastric ulcer and stomach cancer of human beings and also known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were prepared from fruiting body of the mushroom. ${\beta}$-glucan and total protein contents were identify from fractions of edible mushrooms extract. The ${\beta}$-glucan and protein contents of all fractions of the mushrooms ranged from 21.54~32.31% and 0.16~9.34%, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HT-29, NIH3T3 and RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 10~2000 ${\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of 18.8~50.6% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. HW increased the numbers of spleen cell by 1.2 fold at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ compared with control. Fr. MeOH and Na improved the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 1.6 fold compared with control at the concentration of 50~500 ${\mu}g/ml$. Fr. Na generated 15.9 ${\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, while lipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced 3.7 ${\mu}M$. The Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH increased the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, Il-2 and IL-6 by 2.2 times compared with the control group. Fr. Na increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells by 4 folds at the concentration of 50mg/kg compared with control. Circulating leukocytes increased by 2.7 folds when Fr. HW from A. brasiliensis was inoculated at the concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight. The hematological and blood chemical analysis of the 3 fractions did not show any difference in blood compositions and enzyme activities compared with the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, the experimental results suggested that crude polysaccharides extracted from A. brasiliensis contain antitumor and immuno-potentiating activities against Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2008

Russula rosacea, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belonging Agaricales of Basidiomycota, has been known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HepG2, HT-29 and NIH3T3 at the concentration of $10{\sim}2000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of $21.4{\sim}45%$ in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. HW improved the immuno-potentiation activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 6.8 fold compared with control at the concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/ml$. In case of Fr. NaCl, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 6 and 2.6 folds at the concentration of 50 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the antitumor effect against mice Sarcoma 180 by Russula rosacea could be due to immunomodulating activity.