• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.207-214
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• 2001

For the purpose of developing KOREA herbalogy and prescription therapeutics I study the prescriptions among the DONG-UE-BO-GAM. The conclusions are as fallows; 1. There were total 97 prescriptions contended the Bupleurum as gunyak among the DONG-UE-BO-GAM. 2. The currental prescriptions contended the Bupleurum as gunyak were HAN period :1 disease 1 prescription, SONG period :6 diseases 6 prescriptions, GUEM and WON period: 14 diseases 23 prescriptions, MYONG period: 30 diseases 63 prescriptions. 3. The most high frequency of currental effect of the Bupleurum were HAN period: sang-han(傷寒), GUEM and WON period: hak(?), sang-han(傷寒) and gol-gueng-yel(骨蒸熱), MYONG period: sang-han(傷寒), hak(?), on-yek(溫疫), juek-chui(積聚) and an(眼). 4. The most high frequency effect of the Bupleurum as gunyak were sang-han(傷寒): 15 prescriptions, hak(?): 12 prescriptions, on-yek(溫疫) 7 prescriptions etc.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.67
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• pp.23-47
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• 2015

European Commission drafted and proposed the Common European Sales Law(CESL) to the European Parliament for the realization of a uniform set of international private law rules within the EU internal market. Since its purpose is for free international commercial activities for the sale of goods, for the supply of digital content and for related services, it was proposed to enable EU Member States to adopt or supplement as their substantive law according to their options. This study is relate to the legal bases on termination of a contract under CESL, they are composed of three parts: damages and interest, restitution and prescription. Damages and interest are divided into damages, general provisions on interest on late payments, and late payment by traders. Damages are explained by dividing into right to damages, general measure of damages, foreseeability of loss, loss attributable to creditor, reduction of loss, substitute transaction, and current price. Restitution is described by dividing into restitution on revocation, payment for monetary value, payment for use and interest on money received, compensation for expenditure and equitable modification. Prescription is explained by dividing into general provisions, periods of prescription and their commencement and extension of periods of prescription. General provisions explain right subject to prescription into a right to enforce performance of an obligation and any right ancillary to such a right. Regarding period of prescription, the short one is two years and the long one is ten years. However, in the case of a right to damages for personal injuries, period of prescription for such right is thirty years. Regarding commencement, the short one begins to run from the time when the creditor has become, or could be expected to have become, aware of the facts as a result of which the right can be exercised, while the long one begins to run from the time when the debtor has to perform. However, in the case of a right to damages, the CESL clarifies that it begins to run from the time of the act which gives rise the right.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.131-151
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• 1992

The contents of prescription service were comparatively analysed between health centers(HC) and private clinics(PC). Medical chart review was done for 330 otu-patients diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection(UR) of 120 adults and 90 children, and gastritis or duodenitis of 120 adults. Emphasis on comparison was the prime cost of medication which used in prescription service. The results were as follows; 1. The prime costs fro the medication per visit of HC group were significantly higher than PC group in all three diseases, and the out of pocket payments of patients per visit were significantly lower in the HC group than PC group. 2. The reason for high prime costs of medication per visit of HC in adult case of URI were due to the idverse use of medication and long prescription period per visit. And high medication costs in children cases of URI in HC group were due to the longer prescription day. In cases of gastritis, the prime cost of medication was also higher because of longer prescription period and the higher prime cost of medication. The proportions of medications for injection in the HC and PC groups showed similar features. 3. In depth analysis of the prescription services showed the differences of the contents of medication. In adults cases of URI, the averaged cost of oral medication was significantly lower in HC group, but that of medication for injection was higher in HC group. In children cases of URI, the averaged cost of oral medication and medication for injection was lower in HC group than in PC group. But in the cases of gastritis it was was higher in HC group than in PC group. The prescription periods were longer in HC group than in PC group in all three diseases. As a conclusion prime medication cost and quality of prescription services of HC group were higher than PC group. In terms of health care the cost containment and quality assurance in physician visit for common disease, public sector utilization is good option for those perspectives. But it should not be generalized unless future study about structure and outcome research for quality assurance.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-77
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of symptom improvement in patients who were treated with Sik-jeok. Methods : We investigated 31 patients who were treated with the prescription of Sik-jeok had hospitalized to hospital in M Korean medicine hospital in Gimpo city, Gyeonggi Province from January 4th, 2016 to September 10th, 2016. We evaluated the change of them by using Martins AN. Results : Prescription of Sik-jeok tend to be administered in a shorter period of time than the total length of hospitalization. We can make a hypothesis that the longer the prescription of Sik-jeok period, the more likely it would be better results, but it could not be used statistically. Pyeongwisan gagam and Jungritang is possible to expect a better score compared to other prescriptions of Sik-jeok, but it was not statistically effective. Conclusions : These outcomes suggest the need of In-depth consideration about prescription of Sik-jeok and development of medication scale associated with prescription of Sik-jeok.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2016

Background: Mupirocin, a topical antimicrobial agent has been used for patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and recently mupirocin resistance was issued in some studies. The objective of this study was to analyze prescription patterns of topical mupirocin, to evaluate appropriateness of prescriptions in the ambulatory setting, and to compare frequency of mupirocin usage in South Korea with that in United States. Methods: Topical mupirocin prescription patterns (the number of prescription and a prescription period), and appropriateness of prescription (including a prescription rate over 10 days, a repeat prescription rate within 30 days and a prescription rate within labeled indications) were analyzed using the 2012 Health Insurance and Review and Assessment service-National Patient Sample dataset of South Korea. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey dataset was used to quantify topical mupirocin prescription in United States for comparison. Results: In South Korea, the prescriptions rate for use over 10 days was 3%, the repeat prescription rate within 30 days was 8.87% and the prescription proportion within labeled indications was 33.84%. The most frequent diagnostic code was nonbacterial infection. The prescription rate per 1000 population of topical mupirocin in South Korea was calculated to be 46.07, whereas in United States was calculated to be 13.10. Conclusion: Topical mupirocin has been used frequently and inappropriately, so further studies are required to investigate the rationale behind such prescribing mupirocin patterns.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.206-214
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the level of polypharmacy use, drug knowledge, and drug misuse behavior in the elderly, and to understand the correlation between them and their effect on drug misuse behavior. The study design was a descriptive survey study, and the participants of the study were 215 elderly people from the local community center. The research tool used drug knowledge, drug misuse behavior, and the data collection period was from February 8 to 19, 2021. The data analysis were descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. As a result of the study, a significant correlation variable for the drug knowledge of the elderly showed a significant correlation with prescription and non-prescription, r=.145 (p<0.05), and r=.-. 136, which showed a negative significant correlation (p<0.05). As for the significant correlation variable in the drug misuse behavior of the elderly, when prescription and non-prescription were combined, there was a significant correlation with r=.256 (p<0.01), and when not using drugs, r=.-.225 was negative. showed a significant correlation (p<0.01). In terms of the effect on drug misuse behavior, chronic disease =.145, prescription and non-prescription use = .233, which had a positive effect, and non-prescription = -.328, indicating a negative and significant effect. The provision of education on the safe use of drugs by the elderly should first be provided in the community. In addition, we need systematic education and social support for the transmission of correct knowledge on multi-drug use by the elderly and for health management.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.427-450
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• 2012

Objectives : This study examined the factors influencing variation by local areas of antibiotics prescription rate in upper respiratory infections (URI) according to the public reporting. Methods : We used the National Health Insurance Claims Data which the clinics claimed for URI (Korean Standard Classification of Disease, J00 ~ J06) in ambulatory care. The period of analysis was from the first quarter (from January to March) of 2005 to the first quarter of 2007. The number of samples was total 242 local areas that included all clinics (N = 7,942), which prescribed antibiotics for URI in ambulatory care. Results : None of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristic indicators was statistically significant. Among the provider factors, An increase in number of doctors and the average annual antibiotics prescription rate (from 2003 to 2004) for URI by local area were significantly related to an increase of antibiotics prescription rate according to the public reporting. And an increase in number of pediatric clinics, the proportion of clinics less than 5 years since has opened and the average annual fluctuation of antibiotics prescription rate (from 2003 to 2005) were significantly related to a decrease in antibiotics prescription rate by local area according to the disclosure of information. Conclusions : According to the public reporting, the antibiotics prescription rate in clinics had decreased sharply. However, the reduction of antibiotic prescription rate varied in different local areas. The factors influencing variation by local areas in antibiotics prescription rate can be used for establishing effective strategies to reduce variation by region in antibiotics prescription rate.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2611-2617
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• 2016

Background: Medication errors are common but most often preventable events in any health care setup. Studies on medication errors involving chemotherapeutic drugs are limited. Objective: We studied three aspects of medication errors - prescription, transcription and administration errors in 500 cancer patients who received ambulatory cancer chemotherapy at a resource limited setting government hospital attached cancer centre in South India. The frequency of medication errors, their types and the possible reasons for their occurrence were analysed. Design and Methods: Cross-sectional study using direct observation and chart review in anmbulatory day care unit of a Regional Cancer Centre in South India. Prescription charts of 500 patients during a three month time period were studied and errors analysed. Transcription errors were estimated from the nurses records for these 500 patients who were prescribed anticancer medications or premedication to be administered in the day care centre, direct observations were made during drug administration and administration errors analysed. Medical oncologists prescribing anticancer medications and nurses administering medications also participated. Results: A total of 500 patient observations were made and 41.6% medication errors were detected. Among the total observed errors, 114 (54.8%) were prescription errors, 51(24.5%) were transcribing errors and 43 (20.7%) were administration errors. The majority of the prescription errors were due to missing information (45.5%) and administration errors were mainly due to errors in drug reconstitution (55.8%). There were no life threatening events during the observation period since most of the errors were either intercepted before reaching the patient or were trivial. Conclusions: A high rate of potentially harmful medication errors were intercepted at the ambulatory day care unit of our regional cancer centre. Suggestions have been made to reduce errors in the future by adoption of computerised prescriptions and periodic sensitisation of the responsible health personnel.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.166-190
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• 1998

This study presents the status on drug prescription for clinic outpatients' bronchitis, gastritis, and gastric ulcer, and also the physician factors that affects their prescriptions. In this research project the physician factors are as follows: their demographic features, their work related features, education related features, drug information related features and drug promotion related features. The variables in drug prescriptions are drug expenses, daily drug expenses, days of medication, the highest price of the drugs used and the number of the different drugs used. Analysis of the use of prescription drugs was performed on NFMI(National Federation of Medical Insurance) 1994 medical expense claim data. Data on physicians' characteristics were collected by mailing surveys. Patients with secondary diseases were excluded. In this study, 388 adults with bronchitis, 1,038 children with bronchitis, 1,158 patients with gastritis, 369 patients with gastric ulcer were included. The older physicians tend to allow the lower drug costs: this explains that the older doctors who are more experienced less depend on the medicines. It can be also explained that doctors are likely to use the medicines that had been used for their intern and resident practice/training period. General practitioners give more intensive prescription compared to specialists. And specialists prescribed medicines to patients for longer period. The doctors' prescriptions for patients are largely affected by commercial sources. So objective and reliable sources for drug information is needed for patients' benefits. Physician factors explain better at the daily drug expenses, the drug price and the number of different drugs than days of medication. Gastric ulcer are better explained by the prescription model adopted in this study than other diseases.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2016

Background: Depression is the leading cause of lowering the quality of life of cancer patients and lung cancer is the most likely to cause depression. It is necessary to find out depression-related factors in lung cancer patients. Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort study using medical records, and was a non-equivalent comparison group design. It involved patients diagnosed of lung cancer at the Konkuk University Medical Center from January to December 2012. Between antidepressants prescription group and non prescription group, socio-demographic factors, clinical factors, treatment-related factors and other factors were analyzed statistically. Results: Antidepressant prescription group consisted of 23 people and non-prescription group of 206 people. Prescription rate of quetiapine was the highest 47.8% (11/23), followed by escitalopram (43.5%, 10/23), amitryptyline and trazodone (30.4%, 7/23). The prescription group was prescribed with an average of 1.9 antidepressants. Antidepressants were prescribed after average of 248 days from lung cancer diagnosis and prescription period per patient was average 177.5 days. According to the result of univariate logistic regression analysis between 2 groups, factors such as number of outpatient visit, number of admission, days of hospitalization, sleep disorder, and comorbidity were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, According multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that number of admission, days of hospitalization and sleep disorder were statistically significant (p < 0.05) excluding comorbidity. Conclusion: About 10% of lung cancer patients had received a prescription for antidepressants after lung cancer diagnosis. A sleep disorder, number of hospitalization and length of stay were identified as factors influencing the prescribing antidepressants.