• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2011

Two-hundred Bacillus cereus isolated from perilla leaf cultivation areas in Miryang, Korea were investigated for toxin genes and antibiotic susceptibility. Toxigenic patterns of isolates were identified to be 11 groups through toxin gene profiles. 21% of strains isolated from the perilla leaves had both enterotoxin and emetic toxin. Toxin genes entFM (100%), nheA (100%) and hblA, C, D (65.5%) were frequently found in the perilla leaves, whereas EM (21.0%) was less common. Most isolates were susceptible to 10 antibiotics, but they were highly resistant to penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), oxacillin (94.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (95.6%), cefazolin (78.2%), and rifampicin (58.0%). These results indicate that food-borne outbreak caused by B. cereus might lead to diarrhea and emetic syndromes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.94-105
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• 2004

The biochemical components of Namcheondlggae, Miryangdlkkae 25, Boradlggae and Ipdlkkae 1 were measured. The samples were extracted with hot water, 60% acetone or 80% ethanol for screening physiological activity. The crude protein content (4.36%) was found in the Miryangdlkkae 25 and calcium content (497.5 mg%) was found in the Namcheondlggae among the tested 4 perilla loaves. Fructose was 30.86 mg% in the Namcheondlggae and free amino acids at all perilla leaves was detected seventeen. In Boradlggae, glutamic acid and alanine were 25.37 and 11.91 mg%. Totally nine non-volatile organic acids were also detected and the contents of malic acid and glutaric acid were 28.34 and 14.57 mg% in Boradlggae. The Miryangdlkkae 25 had the highest vitamin C amount which was 113.24 mg%. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity of 60% acetone extract of Miryangdlkkae 25 was 39.20% when added as addition of 200 ppm level and xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of 80% ethanol extract of Boradlggae was 46.71%. Electron denoting activity of 60% acetone extract from Namcheohndlggae was the strongest inhibition activity as 98.19% when 200 ppm level of the sample extracts were added.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.358-364
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of phosphorus concentrations in fertilizer solution on growth and development of nutrient deficiency in leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens). The nutrient concentrations in above ground plant tissue, petiole sap and soil solution of root media were also determined. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in a slow growth, lustreless leaves, suffused purple tining in older leaves and falling prematurely. Elevation of P concentrations in fertilizer solution increased the crop growth at 75 days after transplanting. The fresh weight in 0, 0.5 and 4.0 mM treatments were 0.48 g, 9.28 g, and 25.5 g, respectively, and dry weights were 0.06 g, 1.46 g and 4.13 g, respectively. The P concentrations in above ground plant tissue and petiole sap in 4.0 mM treatment were 1.78% and $2.040mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, at 75 days after transplanting. The soil P concentration in 4.0 mM treatment was $1.26mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ when it was determined by the 1:2 (sample:water) method. These results indicated that P concentrations higher than 0.3% in above ground plant tissue, $900mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in petiole sap, and $0.57mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in soil solution should be maintained to ensure proper growth of leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2015

In this study, we tried to separate the photosensitizer that induces apoptosis of leukemia cells (U937) from perilla leaves. Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens Britt var. japonica Hara) are a popular vegetable in Korea, being rich in vitamins (A and E), GABA, and minerals. Dried perilla leaves were extracted with methanol to separate the photosensitizer by various chromatographic techniques. The structure of the isolated compound (PL9443) was identified by 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and FAB-mass spectroscopy. Absorbance of the UV-Vis spectrum was highest at 410 nm and was confirmed by the 330, 410, and 668 nm. PL9443 compound was determined to be pheophorbide, an ethyl ester having a molecular weight of 620. It was identified as a derivative compound of pheophorbide structure when magnesium comes away from a porphyrin ring. Observation of morphological changes in U937 cells following cell death induced by treated PL9443 compound revealed representative phenomena of apoptosis only in light irradiation conditions (apoptotic body, vesicle formation). Results from examining the cytotoxicity of PL9443 substance against U937 cells showed that inhibition rates of the cell growth were 99.9% with the concentration of 0.32 nM PL9443. Also, the caspase-3/7 activity was 99% against U937 cells with the concentration of 0.08 nM of PL9443 substance. The result of the electrophoresis was that a DNA ladder was formed by the PL9443. The PL9443 compound is a promising lead compound as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2014

Nine triterpenes were isolated from the petroleum ether and MeOH extract of Perilla frutescens var. acuta leaves. Their structures were determined to be arjunic acid (1), maslinic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3), euscaphic acid (4), tormentic acid (5), 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyltormentic acid (6), 28-formyloxy-$3{\beta}$-hydroxy-urs-12-ene (7), ursolic acid (8), and corosolic acid (9) by spectroscopic methods. The compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 were isolated for the first time from this plant and the Genus Labiatae. The isolated compounds (1-9) were tested for cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15) in vitro using a Sulforhodamin B bioassay.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2009

Perilla frutescens, which belonging to the Labiatae family, is widely cultivated oil crop and have been used traditional herbal medicine in East Asia such as Korea, China, and Japan. Especially, the leaves and the seeds of this species are important in Korean traditional cooking, as one of the popular garnish and food colorants. Numerous studies have revealed that the beneficial health effects of perilla are due to its several phytochemicals contents, such as rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and apigenin. For this reason, increasing the content of phytochemicals in perilla hasbecome a major breeding objective. The genetic diversity of the rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and apigenin content in perilla seed is poorly documented. We analyzed the rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and apigenin content of 203 accessions of perilla germplasm by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rosmarinic acid and luteolin contents ofgermplasms were ranged from $15.7{\mu}g/g$ to $2717.1{\mu}g/g$ and from $1.6{\mu}g/g$ to $582.4{\mu}g/g$ respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.106-116
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• 2007

Pesticide, chlorfluazuron was subjected to determine the safety of terminal residues at the harvesting date of perilla leaves cultivated in plastic house. After the pesticide applied on a foliar spray in 2005 and 2006, leaf persistence of its residue was analysed for 10 days before leaf harvest. The degradation rate of chlorfluazuron in the leaf was 32.3 %(standard application), 43.6 %(double application) and 78.0 %(standard), 80.4 %(double) at second and tenth day, respectively, under analysis of GC/ECD in 2005. The degradation rate of chlorfluazuron in the leaf was 33.1 %(GC/ECD analyze), 34.0 %(HPLC/UVD analyze) and 77.9 %(GC/ECD), 78.4 %(HPLC/UVD) at second and tenth day, respectively, under the standard level of pesticide in 2006. The biological half-life of the chlorfluazuron residue was estimated by the regression equation calculated from daily dissipation of pesticide in the perilla leaves. The longest half-life of the chlorfluazuron residue in perilla leaves was 5.5 days. The maximum residual limit(MRL) for chlorfluazuron based on the longest half-life was estimated 2.0ppm at harvesting day, 2.5ppm at second day and 7.1ppm at tenth day before leaf harvesting of perilla.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.372-378
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of potassium concentrations in fertigation solution on growth and development of nutrient deficiency symptoms of leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens). The nutrient concentrations in above ground plant tissue, petiole sap and soil solution of root media were also determined. Potassium deficiency symptoms developed in older leaves with marginal necrosis. The brown areas on the lower leaves enlarged rapidly and the margins became scorched. Elevation of K concentrations in the fertigation solution up to 8 mM increased the crop growth in leaf length, stem thickness, and fresh and dry matter production of above ground plant tissue. However, that decreased the chlorophyll contents. The 8.0 mM K treatment which showed the greatest growth had 5.01 g in dry weight and 2.76% in K content of above ground plant tissue, suggesting that maintaining K content higher than 1.7% is necessary for good growth of Perilla frutesens. The K concentrations in petiole sap and soil solution of 8.0 mM treatment were $12,289mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}\;and\;11.65mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. These indicated that K fertilization to maintain higher than $8,700mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in petiole sap and $4.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in soil solution are necessary to ensure good crop growth.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.761-769
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• 2004

This study was investigated the occurrence of sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at the major perilla cultivating area, Gangdong-dong, Gangseo-gu, Busan in 1998. The incidence of this disease ranged from 8.1 to 28.3% at Gangdong-dong area during the growing seasons. Symptoms of the disease initially appeared damping-off of infected stems and soft-rot on the leaves of perilla. Under the relatively high humidity, abundant white mycelia of the pathogen formed on the lesion developed into black sclerotia later and the infected leaves were finally fell down. Sixteen isolates, Sl-S16, isolated from diseased lesions showing typical symptoms, and pathogenicity was tested using mycerlial disks. Among them, S2 isolate showing the most strong pathogenicity was selected and identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics. For biological control, an antagonistic bacteria, N4 isolate which effectively inhibited not only mycelial growth of S2 isolate but also suppress sclerotinia rot on the pot assay, was selected and identified as Bacillus megaterium according to Bergey's manual and API system., Wettable powder type, N4 formulation using B. megaterium N4 isolate was developed and estimated its control effect on perilla crops in a plastic house. As a results, N4 formulation which applied before 3 days inoculation of pathogen was effectually controlled Sclerotinia rot as the control value of 98.0%, was more effective than chemical fungicide, benomyl showing the control value of 78.0%. This is the first report of wettable powder formulation as a biocontrol agent using B. megaterium N4 against Sclerotinia rot caused by S. sclerotiorum on perilla.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2020

The populations of Polyphagostarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) have been causing serious economic damages to farmers by directly feeding on leaves of green perilla. However, sampling of P. latus is impossible because there is no suitable sample unit until now. Thus, this study was conducted to suggest suitable sample unit and required sample number for P. latus on green perilla. Individuals of P. latus started to occurr from the leafstalk within a leaf. They required approximated 25 days to spread to all areas within a leaf. New shoots would be a suitable sample unit for P. latus on green perilla because its density on shoots per ㎠ was always higher than the densities on fully grown and moderately grown leaves. Required sample number at D = 0.25 was estimated as a shoot when eggs, nymphs, and adults of P. latus were observed within a leaf. Therefore, Using this small sample unit for sampling of P. latus on green perilla could be economical and efficient.