• Advances in environmental research
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.203-227
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• 2013

Global demand for dwelling energy and implications of changing climatic conditions on buildings confront the built environment to build sustainable dwellings. This study investigates the variability of future climatic conditions on newly built detached dwellings in the UK. Series of energy modelling and simulations are performed on ten detached houses to evaluate and predict the impact of varying future climatic patterns on five building performance indicators. The study identifies and quantifies a consistent declining trend of building performance which is in consonance with current scientific knowledge of annual temperature change prediction in relations to long term climatic variation. The average percentage decrease for the annual energy consumption was predicted to be 2.80, 6.60 and 10.56 for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s time lines respectively. A similar declining trend in the case of annual natural gas consumption was 4.24, 9.98 and 16.1, and that for building emission rate and heating demand were 2.27, 5.49 and 8.72 and 7.82, 18.43 and 29.46 respectively. The study further analyse future heating and cooling demands of the three warmest months of the year and ascertain future variance in relative humidity and indoor temperature which might necessitate the use of room cooling systems to provide thermal comfort.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1993.07a
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• pp.1-36
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• 1993

It is possible to regenerate plants from calli, single cells and protoplasts of numerous species via organogenasis or embryogenesis in cell and tissue culture systems. Also such regeneration of plants can directly occur from cells of explants. However certain plant species has not been yet provided cultures suitable for plant regeneration from cells or tissues. For example, we have to confirm the regenerability of plant from cells before preparing transformed cells for application. Even more, it is very important to notice that regenerated plants in cell and tissue cultures often show structural abnormality. The mojority of those plants is functionally disordered and eventually cases degenerated. One of such examples is vitreous plants which are manifested mainly in the leaves and manifesteds to a lesser extent in the stems and roots. Regenerants in suspension cultures show more frequent vitrification than on gelled media so that relative humidity and water potential are the key factors involved in abnormal morphogenesis in vitro. The other is that somatic embryos formed in media containing BAP or high concentration of sucrose show frequently cotyledon aberrancy such as polycotyledon and born type cotyledon. The embryos with aberrant cotyledon of Codonopsis lanceolata could not germinate or regenerate into plants in many cases. In contrast, the polycotyledon embryos of Aralia cordata germinated in higher percentage than two cotyledonary embryos, but horn type cotyledonary embryos rarely germinated. The major cause of poor germination is the abnormal development of plumule apex meristem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.335-342
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• 2007

The objective of the study is to investigate the distribution patterns of airborne bacteria and fungi in the feedstuff manufacture factory. The mean levels of airborne bacteria and fungi in the feedstuff manufacture factory were $113({\pm}18)cfu/m^3$ and $89({\pm}5)cfu/m^3$ for pelleting process and $198({\pm}5)cfu/m^3$ and $124({\pm}12)cfu/m^3$ for powdering process, respectively. The percentage of respirable and total concentration of airborne bacteria and fungi in the feedstuff manufacture factory ranged from 60% to 90% and were higher in pelleting process than powdering process. The ratio of indoor and outdoor airborne microorganism exceeded 1.0 regardless of types of feedstuff manufacture process. Based on the result of the study, there would be an association between environmental factors such as relative humidity and carbon dioxide and airborne microorganism's bioactivity.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.879-884
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• 2007

This study is to observe the change of temperature and relative humidity for various vegetables in vacuum precooling system. The materials for experiments were the lettuce, chinese cabbage, pak choi and cabbage. The experimental apparatus was constructed of vacuum chamber, vapor/water separator, water tank, pumps ejecting and cooling water circulation, refrigerator unit, cooling coil for water cooling, Hygrometer and Data logger measuring of the temperature change. The experiments were operated in 20torr and recorded every 3 minutes. It was found that the cooling temperature and speed of vegetables are depending on the percentage of its water content. The more water contains, the faster cooling speed and the lower cooling temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop a new drying technology in order to quickly and massively dry bamboo tubes without crack and check. The bamboo tubes with the diameter of 45 mm - 68 mm had been impregnated in the solution of PEG-1000, and then were dried under room temperature and high temperature, respectively. The cracks occurred on all control specimens while no cracks were found on PEG treated specimens during drying at room temperature due to effect of PEG restraining the circumferential shrinkage of bamboo tube. But the drying period of this method was too long (200 days) compared to 10 hours of kiln drying. During fast high temperature drying, cracks occurred on all control specimens, but no cracks were found on PEG treated specimens, which could be accounted for more solidified PEG due to higher drying temperature and faster drying rate, and the tension set formed on the surface of bamboo tube in the early stage of drying owning to high drying temperature and low relative humidity. Thus, it is advised that PEG treated bamboo tube should be fast dried at high temperature in order to not only prevent crack or check in short drying period but also increase the dimensional stability of the products made of bamboo tubes.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

A breeding programme was initiated during 2001 utilizing two polyvoltine silkworm breeds viz. $BL_{69}$, an evolved breed tolerant to high temperature and MAR, comparatively resistant to Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) with the objective to develop robust polyvoltine breeds and hybrids. The breed $NP_1$ was developed by exposing the fifth instar larvae to high temperature $(36{\pm}1^{\circ}C)$, high Relative Humidity ($85{\pm}5%$ R.H.) and inoculating third instar larvae with BmNPV inoculum. At $F_{12}$, the breed was tested for hybrid forming ability utilizing six bivoltine silkworm breeds viz. $CSR_2,\;CSR_4,\;CSR_{17},\;CSR_{18},\;CSR_{19}\;and\;NB_4D_2$. The hybrid $'NP_1{\times}CSR_{17}'$ exhibited its superiority by recording 97.2% survival, 1.892 g cocoon weight, 0.406 g cocoon shell weight, 21.5% cocoon shell ratio, 16.6% raw silk percentage and 890 m filament length whereas the control $(PM{\times}CSR_2)$ has recorded 90.2% survival, 1.599 g cocoon weight, 0.304 g cocoon shell weight, 18.9% cocoon shell ratio, 13.1 % raw silk percentage and 768 m filament length. Commercial exploitation of the new $polyvoltine{\times}bivoltine$ hybrid in sericulture industry has been discussed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.305-309
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• 2000

Ultra-drying [＜5.0% seed moisture content (SMC)] storage technique is a cost-effective storage method for oily seeds. To decide proper ultra-drying condition for soybean seeds, drying rate was compared three silica gel to seed ratios, two seed sizes with varietal difference, two kinds of container, and three seed amounts per container under :t 23$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. When the relative humidity (RH) was reduced at the rate of less than 0.1 % a day, silica gel was replaced with dry one by 47 days. Higher silica gel to seed ratios (3:1 and 2:1) dried faster than lower ratio (1:1) until 28 days, but not after 43 days of drying. Also, large seeded variety was dried faster than small seeded variety. Kinds of container and seed amounts per container didn't show differences in drying of soybean seeds. After completion of ultra-drying, percentage germination by standard germination test (SGT) was not different among silica gel to seed ratios, kinds of container, and seed amounts per container, except among seed sizes (varieties). Before SGT, soybean seeds were premoistened using saturated ${CaCl}_2$ for 48 hours and ${NH}_4$Cl for 24 hours in desiccators. To compare germinability between ordinary-dried seeds and ultra-dried seeds, the seeds of seven soybean varieties, which were varying in size from 8.1 to 34.9 g per 100 seeds, were dried using same amount of silica gel under 23$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. After completion of 76 days of drying, SMCs were reduced to 3.13-3.45% from 7.86-8.82%. SMC after completion of drying was not correlated with 100-seed weight (r=0.556). Before germination tests, soybean seeds were premoistened using saturated salt solutions. Percentage germination was higher with ultra-dried seeds than ordinary-dried seeds in SGT and higher with ordinary-dried seeds than ultra-dried seeds in AAT at the beginning of storage and after 6 months storage, but general trend of percentage germination was not observed among varieties classified by 100-seed weight. From these results, we concluded that further studies are needed to improve ultra-drying storage method for soybean seeds.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-294
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• 2010

The Seosanmaaesamjonbulsang (National Treasure No. 84) consists of light gray and coarse to mediumgrained biotite granite with partly developed pegmatite and quartz vein. The host rock is divided into dozens of rock blocks with various shape along irregular discontinuity plane. The evaluation results of discontinuity systems reveal that the host rock were exposed to instable sloping environments. Results of deterioration diagnosis show that the degree of damage has been made worse by physical weathering and surface discoloration laying stress on part that vertical and horizontal joints are massed. Generally, deterioration rate of the triad Buddha surface cover with 42.7%, however, the rate of physical weathering and surface discoloration are subdivided to 9.6% and 33.1%, respectively. Ultrasonic measurements indicate that the triad Buddha was reached highly weathered grade in general. And the rock material was weaken to show low velocity zone of 1,000m/s along irregular joint systems. Indoor and outdoor mean relative humidity of the shelter was recorded more than 70% during every season, and high frequency appears in high relative humidity range over 95%. Such environments seem to have produced dew condensation on the rock surface with rainfall and supply water, promoted physical, chemical and biological weathering along crack and joint, resulting in high permeation of water and percentage of water content. Therefore, it is judged that for scientific conservation of the triad Buddha it needs environment control through persistent preservation environment monitoring including water problem.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

Population of fruit flies was monitored by using methyl eugenol trap during 2010-2011 in Yezin, Myanmar. Population numbers were analyzed with meteorological factors including rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and duration of sunshine. Samples of mango, guava, and jujube fruits were collected from orchards. The fruits were kept in containers so that the species of flies infesting the fruit could be identified when the adult insects emerged and to assess damage caused by fruit flies. Regression analyses indicated that populations of fruit flies were observed to be positively correlative with rainfall, minimum temperature and relative humidity, and negatively correlative with the duration of sunshine. Eleven species of fruit flies, Bactrocera arecae, B. carambolae, B. correcta, B. dorsalis, B. kandiensis, B. latilineola, B. malaysiensis, B. neocognata, B. raiensis, B. verbascifoliae, and Carpomya vesuvina, were identified. B. correcta and B. dorsalis were the most abundant and accounted for 29.3% and 28.6% of total emerged adults in the different fruit samples. The highest percentage of fruit damage was observed on guava ($59{\pm}15.4$), followed by mango ($35.5{\pm}12.1$) while the lowest was recorded on jujube ($18.5{\pm}7.9$).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2004

This work carried out to define the characteristic of Cymbidium kanran habitat at Mt. Halla in Jejudo, Korea from the ecological point of view including geological and topographical features, air and soil temperature, relative humidity, fluctuations of light intensity, habitat vegetation, distribution altitude, area limit, and etc. And another goal of this study consider the conservation counterplan of the cymbidium habitat. Natural distribution areas of the cymbidium were observed more abundantly on the well drained south and east-facing slopes. Soil acidity was ranged from pH 4.1 to 5.3, and electric conductivity was ranged from 176.4 to 299.9 us/cm (average 215.3 us/cm). Base-saturation percentage of the habitat soil was below 50%, bulk density 0.42g/$cm^2$, particle density 2.05g/$cm^2$, humus content 26%, total nitrogen 0.82%, available phosphate 4.2 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium 0.63 Cmol/kg, calcium 0.44 Cmol/kg and magnesium 0.67 Cmol/kg. Annual mean air temperature was $15.4^{\circ}C$, however, air temperature was ranged $11.7{\sim}18.2^{\circ}C$ in spring, $21.2{\sim}23.8^{\circ}C$ in summer, $12.8{\sim}22.0^{\circ}C$ in fall and $5.5{\sim}7.8^{\circ}C$ in winter season. Annual mean soil temperature at depth of 10cm was $13.2^{\circ}C$ And minimum value was recorded $4.7^{\circ}C$ on January, and maximum value $22.5^{\circ}C$ on August. Relative humidity was ranged 90.8~94.7% in summer, 80.8~91.5% in fall and 77.6~84.2% in winter season. Minimum value was 56.5% on December, and maximum value was 100% on July and August. Light intensities were ranged from 400 to 1,800 lux at the greater part of Cymbidium kanran sites in Jejudo. Summer regarded as an lower light intensities was recorded to be range of 500~600 lux; however, autumn and winter were shown higher light regimes ranged from 3,500 to 3,800 lux. Therefore, one must be suprised that the cymbidium grow at the light condition of 6 lux (minimum) or 10,000 lux (maximum). Tree species keeping higher frequency rate and density were Eurya japonica, Camellia japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora. Number of trees growing in a 5${\times}$5m quardrat was 35 as an average, and proportion of evergreen versus deciduous was 5:1. Distribution altitude of the orchid habitat was ranged from 120m (low) to 840m (high) from sea level on the south facing slope of Mt. Halla, and was ranged eastern borderline of Gujwaup, Bukjejugun to western boundaries of Jungmundong, Seogwipo city. For the stable conservation of Cymbidium kanran habitat, sunlight regimes must be increased more by means of cutting trees or twigs in the site.