• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.449-454
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• 2012

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of the plane of nutrition on growth performance and meat quality traits, especially marbling and PSE (pale, soft, and exudative), in finishing pigs. One hundred and four barrows and 102 gilts born to Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace dams and Duroc sires were randomly allocated to 16 pens at approximately 80-kg body weight, with 13 animals housed per pen except for two pens. Each eight pens received a diet containing either 3.4 Mcal ME/kg and 0.98% total lysine (high plane) or 3.1 Mcal ME/kg and 0.81% total lysine (medium plane). All animals were slaughtered at approximately 112 kg BW on an average, after which the Longissimus muscle (LM) was analyzed physicochemically. The ADG, ADFI, gain:feed as well as marbling score did not differ between the two dietary groups, whereas backfat thickness was greater in the high-plane group than in the medium-plane group (24.1 vs. 22.5 mm P<0.05). No LM exhibited PSE, i.e. $L^*$ (lightness) > 50, pH < 6.0 and drip loss > 5.0%, nor were these PSE-related variables influenced by the dietary treatment. Contents of crude protein and fat in LM did not differ between the two dietary groups. In conclusion, the present results suggest that growth performance and the occurrence of the PSE or 'watery' carcass are not influenced significantly by increasing the plane of nutrition in finishing pigs when the finisher is adequate nutritionally for supporting maximal lean growth. However, increasing the plane of nutrition is likely to result in an increase in fat deposition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.999-1005
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• 2015

Bacillus-based feed additive was evaluated for its efficacy on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission, and the consumption of time and amount of water for cleaning the pen of growing finishing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs ($23.59{\pm}1.41kg$) were used in a 16-wk feeding trial. Pigs were randomly distributed into 1 of 2 treatments on the basis of body weight and sex. There were 12 replicate pens per treatment, with 5 pigs (3 barrows and 2 gilts) per pen. Dietary treatments were CON which was basal diet, and T1 which was CON+62.5 ppm microbial feed additive that provided $1.47{\times}10^8cfu$ of Bacillus organisms per gram of supplement. During the weeks 0 to 6, average daily gain (ADG) in T1 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than CON, but no improvement in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G:F) was noted. During 6 to 16 weeks, no difference (p>0.05) was noted in growth performance. However, ADG was improved (p<0.05) and overall ADFI tended (p = 0.06) to improve in T1 compared with CON. At week 6, the co-efficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of dry matter (DM) nitrogen (N) was increased (p<0.05) in T1 compared with CON. Fecal $NH_3$ emission was decreased (p<0.05) in T1 compared with CON, at the end of 6th and 15th weeks. The time and water consumed for washing the pens were decreased (p<0.05) in T1 compared with CON. In conclusion, supplementation with Bacillus-based feed additive could improve the overall growth performances, increase the CATTD of DM and decrease the fecal $NH_3$ content and the time and water consumed in washing the pens for growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1407-1416
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genotype (slower-growing vs. fast-growing) and production system (access to outdoors vs. indoor) on the growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality (chemical composition, physicochemical and sensory properties) of chickens. The experiment was performed on 1,040 day-old hybrid male chickens of two genotypes. Slower-growing chickens (Hubbard JA957, certified) and fast-growing chickens (Hubbard F15) were fed identical diets until 65 days of age. Both genotypes (each represented by 520 birds) were divided into two subgroups and were raised in pens on litter with outdoor access or in indoor confinement without outdoor access (four replications per subgroup, each of 65 birds). Until day 21, the birds stayed in the indoor facility, in deep-litter pens. The birds could forage on pasture 12 h daily, commencing at three weeks of age. Stocking density was 0.13 $m^2$ floor space per bird in pens on litter, and 0.8 $m^2$ per bird in grassy yards. Compared with fast-growing, slower-growing chickens were significantly lighter (by 17%), had a lower breast and thigh muscle yield and a higher abdominal fat content, but they were characterized by higher survival rates at 65 days, a higher protein content and a lower fat content of breast meat. Outdoor access had no negative effects on the growth performance, muscle yield, the fatty acid profile and oxidative status of meat lipids. The meat of free-range chickens was darker in color, it had a higher protein content and a better water-holding capacity, but it was less juicy than the meat of birds raised indoors.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.413-421
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• 2016

본 연구는 아이폰 전용 어플리케이션 '스케치 플러스'의 제작을 중심으로 진행된 스마트 미디어에서의 펜화기법을 적용한 제작 연구이다. 비사실적 렌더링을 기반으로 펜화기법을 개발, 재현하고 그 과정에서 디자인적 관점과 알고리즘의 융합과정을 기술하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구를 통해 전통적 예술형태를 모방하는 기술인 비사실적 렌더링에 대한 개념을 이해하고 스마트 미디어에서의 선행연구를 분석하여 15가지의 펜화기법과 표현방식을 제시하였다. 특히 펜화기법의 재현과정에서 스마트 기기의 한계 때문에 발생하는 속도 문제를 해칭의 패턴화 및 재사용(Reused)으로 해결하는 과정으로 기술하였고, 펜화 패턴의 이미지 변환과정을 밑그림, 명암구성, 패턴의 적용, 묘사 및 색상적용의 4단계로 구성하여 정리하였다. 아날로그 펜화기법을 재현하는 본 연구가 융복합형 비사실적 렌더링의 제작사례로 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2002

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to decrease body fat content of individually-housed pigs but little is known about the responses under commercial conditions. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA under commercial conditions using contemporary genotypes. The experimental designs were similar between the two sites. Briefly, the studies were 2${\times}$2 factorial designs with the respective factors being sex (boar and gilt) and supplemental dietary CLA (0 and 4 g/kg). The studies involved 16-20 pens of pigs with 4-5 pens of each sex${\times}$CLA group. The first study was conducted with 144 pigs in 16 pens consuming a pelleted feed for 6 weeks at Bunge Meat Industries, Corowa, NSW. In the second study, 160 pigs were obtained from a commercial source and put into 20 pens in simulated commercial conditions and fed a mash diet for 7 weeks at Medina Research Station, WA. In Study 2 some aspects of meat quality were also investigated. Data from Study 1 showed that, although CLA had no significant effect upon feed intake and daily gain, the small changes in both resulted in a reduction in (-0.10 g/g, p=0.10) feed conversion ratio (FCR). While there was no significant effect of CLA on ultrasonic backfat depths, there was a significant decrease in carcass P2 (-1.0 mm, p=0.014) and estimated carcass fat (-7 g/kg, p=0.049). In the study conducted at Medina CLA had no significant effect upon feed intake, feed:gain or most measures of back fat. The exception was that dietary CLA decreased the rate of accumulation of fat at the shoulder, particularly in gilts, resulting in a significantly lower amount of shoulder fat at slaughter (-1.3 mm, p=0.044). CLA tended to increase dressing percentage although this was not significant (+0.5%, p=0.14). Meat from CLA treated pigs tended to be darker (p=0.12) and had a higher ultimate pH (p=0.06). These data suggest that under commercial conditions dietary CLA can improve growth performance and decrease P2 in pigs of an improved genotype, particularly gilts.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 1996

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaves(EUOL) on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicks. The dietary treatments consisted of the control diet(corn-soybean meal basal), and EUOL 2, 4, and 6% diets. The latter three diets were prepared by adding 2, 4, and 6% EUOL to the control diet. Ninety-six Arbor Acre male broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 16 pens; four pens per treatment and 6 birds per pen. The growth performance and carcass weight of broiler chicks fed EUOL diets were not significantly different(P>O.05) from the control birds. Also, the muscle color degrees(L*a*b *)in brolier chicks were similar to each other. The blood concentrations of protein, sugar and glutamic-pyruvic transarninase(GPT) were not different(P>O.05) between control and treatment groups. The blood total cholestrol content was significantly(P<0.05) decreased by the addition of EUOL. However, the addition of EUOL did not change the muscle components significantly. The bone hardness of broiler chicks fed EUOL was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of control chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.855-857
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to assess the associations of some potential risk factors and occurrence of calf mortality in large-scale dairy farms. Njoro area of the Rift valley, Kenya was selected due to its potential of large-scale dairy farms, since the time of the Europeans settlers. The study was retrospective and focused on the calves dying from January 1996 through October 1998. Sample of studied population consisted of 105 calves extracted from the farm records. Data was collected using a questionnaire and were grouped into farm-level and animal-level factors. Calf mortality was 15.6% and important risk factors for calf mortality were sex of calf, season of birth, pneumonia disease, age of dam when calf was born and house type for calves. Female calve born during colder wet seasons and born to dams of 2-4.5 years of age were equally at higher risk. Calves raised in movable pens compared to those raised in permanent pens were at higher risk of mortality from pneumonia. Animal level factors were major causes of calf mortality in commercial farms used in this study and therefore details study is needed in these factors in controlling the calf mortality rates.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.195-201
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental dry powder of chinese medicine refuse (CMR) on the growth performance and physiological status of broiler chicks. The treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal control diet, CMR 4 and 8% diets. A total of 120 Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 12 pens ; four pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. The body weight gain and feed intake did not show ant differences among the treatment groups, but feed conversion was significantly higher (P〈0.05) in CMR 8% group than that of the control group. Hunt L and b did not show ant differences among the treatment groups, but hunt a was darker (P〈0.05) in CMR 4 and 8% group than that of the control group. The blood concentrations of total protein, sugar, glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase (GPT) Hemogloben were not different among the treatment groups. The pH of thigh muscle were lower in CMR 4 and 8% groups than that of the control group, but crude fat, crude ash of thigh muscle and bone hardness in brolier chicks did not show ant differences among the treatment groups. The saturated fatty acid content of the thigh muscle tende to decrease dietary CMR increased.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementions of 0.1% probiotic and 0.1% yeast culture on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicks. A total of 160 Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 16 pens ; four pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. Feeding trial lasted for 6 weeks. The results obtained are summerized as follows : The body weight gain and feed intake was slightly higher in group of broiler chick supplemented antibiotic than those of other treatment groups, but were not significantly different among treatments. The feed conversion were slightly lower in groups of broiler chick supplemented antibiotic and probiotic than those of other treatment groups, but were not significantly different among treatments. The pH of thigh musle was slightly higher in group of broiler chick supplemented probiotic than those of other treatment groups. Crude protein, crude fat and crude ash of thigh muscle were lower in groups of broiler chick supplemented probiltic and yeast culture than those of other treatment groups, but were not significantly different among treatments. The saturated fatty acid content of the thigh muscle was tende to be higher in group of broiler chick supplemented yeast culture, but the unsaturated fatty acid content was tende to be lower in group of broiler chick supplemented yeast culture than those of other treatment groups.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2008

We investigated sterilization characteristics of UV lights by counting the number of bacteria units with varying sterilization time and distance from the light source. We focused on an idea that UV light of 184.9 nm could generate ozone and developed a new sterilizer. The UV-ozone duplex system sterilized bacteria faster than UV-only sterilizers. To reduce shadowing effects by target objects, we used UV transparent quartz plate as a support and put a reflecting plate. Distribution of UV irradiation intensity and ozone supply were analyzed by a 3D model and measured by a semiconductor UV sensor. But even with an Al reflector, multi-layered pens could not be treated properly from UV irradiation only. Ozone generating lamp could treat more uniformly multi-layered pens with a stirring fan by supplying ozone to shadowed surfaces.