• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2013

WPM(Wavelet Packet Modulation)은 고속 전송에 적합한 다중 반송파 전송방식으로 여러 필터의 조합으로 유연한 시스템을 구현할 수 있는 장점이 있다. WPM과 같은 다중 반송파 시스템에서 높은 PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio)은 가장 큰 문제점중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 WPM 시스템의 필터 계수를 조정 하는 방법으로 최소 PAPR을 갖는 WPM 시스템을 제안한다. 우선 PR(Perfect Reconstruction)을 만족하는 필터 계수의 방정식을 구하여 그 방정식을 이용하여 PAPR이 가장 낮게 나올 수 있는 필터계수를 선택한다. 이 필터 계수를 이용하여 최소 PAPR을 갖는 WPM 시스템을 구현하고 모의실험을 통하여 성능 비교를 하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2021

The filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM) system has been recommended as a waveform candidate for fifth-generation (5G) communications. The suppression of out-of-band emission (OOBE) and asynchronous transmission are the distinctive features of the filtering-based waveform frameworks. Meanwhile, the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is still a challenge for the new waveform candidates. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is an effective technique for mitigating the trend of high PAPR in multicarrier systems. In this study, the PTS technique is employed to reduce the high PAPR value of an F-OFDM system. Then, this system is compared with the OFDM system. In addition, the other related parameters such as frequency localization, bit error rate (BER), and computational complexity are evaluated and analyzed for both systems with and without PTS. The simulation results indicate that the F-OFDM based on PTS achieves higher levels of PAPR, BER, and OOBE performances compared with OFDM. Moreover, the BER performance of F-OFDM is uninfluenced by the use of the PTS technique.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2006

Objective: The purposes of this study are to provide fundamental data and a rehabilitation program in physical therapy. It has been operated by 30 male college students for lumbar isokinetic exercises. Method : Subjects have been carried out in an experiment by Biodex system operating isokinetic torso rotation. This performance was activated by left rotation after right rotation repeatedly. Results: 1. The mean peak torques at $60^{\circ}$/sec were $95.6{\pm}20.62$ (Rt) and $93.84{\pm}18.41$ (Lt). 2. The mean peak torques/body weight at $60^{\circ}$/sec were $69.28{\pm}28.31$ (Rt) and $67.07{\pm}27.04$ (Lt). 3. The total works in right side at $60^{\circ}$/sec and $180^{\circ}$/sec were $492.21{\pm}92.37$, $1294.97{\pm}278.96$ and in left side at $60^{\circ}$/sec and $180^{\circ}$/sec were $515.78{\pm}109.47$, $1443.74{\pm}329.67$. 4. The work to body weight ratio at $60^{\circ}$/sec was $78.30{\pm}32.37$ (Rt) and $79.93{\pm}37.30$ (Lt). 5. The average powers in right side at $60^{\circ}$/sec and $180^{\circ}$/sec were $76.75{\pm}16.69$, $117.19{\pm}29.94$ and in left side at $60^{\circ}$/sec and $180^{\circ}$/sec were $78.54{\pm}18.58$, $125.39{\pm}32.90$. 6. The work fatigue at $180^{\circ}$/sec was $21.76{\pm}14.82$ (Rt) and $19.66{\pm}26.23$ (Lt). Conclusion: In right side and left side, there was no significant difference in peak torque. peak torque/body weight, work to body-weight ratio, average power of trunk rotators at $60^{\circ}$/sec(p<0.05). However there was a significant difference in the total work of trunk rotators at $60^{\circ}$/sec(p>0.05). Also there was a significant difference in the average of trunk rotators at $180^{\circ}$/sec(p>0.05).

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.142-150
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• 2015

Purpose: Restoration of ankle stability through the strengthening exercise of peroneus muscles is considered an important factor for achievement of successful outcomes, in the rehabilitation program following ankle ligament injuries. However, there were few definitive data on normal muscle strength, including eversion power by peroneus muscles. This study was conducted to evaluate the muscle strength of ankle joint measured using an isokinetic dynamometer in normal Koreans. Materials and Methods: Sixty adults (120 ankles) were recruited and divided into three groups (20 in their twenties, 20 in thirties, and 20 in forties). Each group consisted of 10 males and 10 females. The selection criteria were no history of ankle injury and no evidence of instability. The peak torque, total work, and deficit ratio were measured using the Biodex$^{TM}$ (Biodex Medical Systems). Differences in muscle strength by age, gender and dominant versus non-dominant side were analyzed. Results: The peak torque of dorsiflexion was average 31.5 Nm at $30^{\circ}/s$ of angular velocity and 18.8 Nm at $90^{\circ}/s$; average 69.3 Nm ($30^{\circ}/s$) and 42.4 Nm ($90^{\circ}/s$) on plantarflexion; average 19.6 Nm ($30^{\circ}/s$) and 10.8 Nm ($90^{\circ}/s$) on inversion; average 12.9 Nm ($30^{\circ}/s$) and 8.0 Nm ($90^{\circ}/s$) on eversion. The deficit ratio of strength in women was average 61.1% of men on dorsiflexion; average 66.2% on plantarflexion; average 48.5% on inversion; average 55.4% on eversion. The deficit ratio in non-dominant foot was average 88.6% of dominant foot on dorsiflexion; average 90.1% on plantarflexion; average 85.1% on inversion; average 85.6% on eversion. Conclusion: The muscle strength of the ankle joint showed a tendency to weaken with age. There were significant differences in muscle strength by gender and dominancy. Further studies for comparison of patients with ankle instability, a comparison between before and after surgery for instability, the correlation between clinical outcomes and the recovery in muscle strength will be needed.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.951-961
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• 1996

Isokinetic exercise is dynamic, but the spped of movement must be regulated so that the resistance is in ratio to the force applied at each point throughout the full range of motion. The purpose of this study is to comparise with trunk flexors & extensors of isokinetic evaluation of pre-exercise and post-exercise in operated laminectomy & disectomy patients. 7 subjects were examined at $120^{\circ}$/sec and $60^{\circ}$/sec each 15 days. The results were as follows; 1. Peak torque of extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05), but peak torque of flexors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 2. Trunk flexors/extensors ratio of peak torque of $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference ststistically. 3. Peak torque % B.W of extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05), but peak torque % B.W of flexors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 4. TAE of extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically (p<0.05), but TAE of flexors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference. 5. Total work of flexors & extensors on $60^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically (p<0.05). 6. Average power of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05). 7. Endurance ratio of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 8. Set total work of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05). 9. TAE of extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically(p<0.05), TAE of flexors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed no significant difference statistically. 10. Total work of flexors & extensors on $120^{\circ}$/sec showed significant difference statistically (p<0.05).

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 제37회 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1550-1551
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• 2006

An L-band linear accelerator system for e-beam sterilization is under design for bio-technology application. The klystron-modulator system as RF microwave source has an important role as major components to offer the system reliability for long time steady state operation. A PFN line type pulse generator with a peak power of 71.5-MW, $7{\mu}s$, 285 pps is required to drive a high-power klystron. The high power pulse transformer has a function of transferring pulse energy from a pulsed power source to a high power load. The pulse transformer producing a pulse with a peak voltage of 275 kV is required to produce 30-MW peak and 60 kW average RF output power at the frequency of 1.3-GHz. We have designed the high power pulse transformer with 1:13 step-up ratio. The peak and average power capability is 71.5-MW (275 kV, 260 A at load side with $7{\mu}s$ pulse width) and 130 kW, respectively. In this paper, we present a system overview and initial design results of the high power pulse transformer.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2015

To investigate the thermal environment over the summertime asphalt pavements, an automatic weather observation system was installed at a parking lot paved with asphalt to observe various meteorological parameters and surface temperature from July 1 to September 30, 2014. Since the number of rainy days in summer of 2014 particularly after the mid July is more than that of average data, a ratio of daily peak surface temperature above $45^{\circ}C$ was 28% which was lower than the average. The observational data about hourly average surface temperature and various heat balance factors at days where daily peak surface temperature is above $45^{\circ}C$ are as follows: An hour that had the daily maximum temperature was around 15 pm and the value was $49^{\circ}C$ approximately. Net shortwave radiation was the highest at 12pm as $800W/m^2$ and much radiation of $500W/m^2$ was absorbed at the ground between 11am and 17pm. Sensible heat that was delivered from the ground to the atmosphere was evaluated as $200W/m^2$ between 10am and 19pm. underground transfer heat up to $100W/m^2$ was measured as negative from 19pm to the next day 8am, which indicated the lower atmosphere was heated at night.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권12C호
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• pp.1197-1207
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• 2009

Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access (OFDMA) 방식은 차세대 이동통신을 위한 다중접속 방식으로 널리 고려되고 있으나 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)이 높다는 단점이 있다. 따라서, 송신전력에 민감한 상향링크에서는 PAPR이 낮은 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) 방식이 OFDMA 방식보다 더 적합한 것으로 여겨지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 주파수 영역 MMSE 등화방식을 기반으로 한 SC-FDMA 시스템의 성능향상 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 기법은 채널의 다이버시티 특성과 수신신호로부터 얻는 쌍방향성 특성을 활용하여 채널복호기의 입력이 되는 Log-likelihood Ratio (LLR) 의 신뢰도를 향상시키는 방식이다. 본 논문에서는 제안된 방식에 의해 추가적으로 증가하는 복잡도를 분석하고, 이에 따른 성능이득을 모의실험을 통해 검증한다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.668-676
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• 2018

위성통신에서는 낮은 PAPR(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio), 높은 전송효율, 낮은 BER(Bit Error Rate)을 갖는 변조 기술이 요구되며, DAPSK(Differential Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying) 변조는 이러한 요구조건을 만족시킬 수 있는 기술로 평가되고 있다. 그러나 기존 DAPSK 변조는 정규적인 성좌도를 사용하기 때문에 성좌도의 안쪽 동심원에 존재하는 심볼들의 유클리디안(Euclidean) 거리가 매우 가까워서 높은 성능을 내기에 적합하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 기존 DAPSK 시스템의 성능을 개선하기 위하여 대조표 기반의 효율적인 성좌도 배치법을 사용하는 DAPSK 시스템을 제안하고 성능을 평가한다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 기존 16-DAPSK 시스템과 비교하여 효율적인 성좌도 배치법을 사용하는 16-DAPSK 시스템은 수신 심볼 검출기에 사용되는 심볼의 수 K가 2일 때, $10^{-4}$의 BER 성능을 만족시키기 위한 SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio)을 약 0.8 dB 개선할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.491-491
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• 2013

A novel plasma system has been developed for 3-dimensional modification of the carbon nano-powders. Improvement of dispersion of these nano materials are studied by plasma discharge, not using chemical modification. The plasma process is considered to great advantages over wet chemical process due to environmental, economic viewpoint, and uniformity over the treated volume. The uniform dispersion is a critical factor for these material's nano composite applications. Using this plasma system, graphene, carbon black, and CNT was treated and functionalized. Several key discharge conditions such as Ar/H2/O2 or Ar/H2/NH3 gas ratio, treatment time, power, feeder's vibration frequency are investigated. Hydrophobic of graphene has turned some more into hydrophilic by reaction test with water, electrophoresis, surface contact angle test, and turbidity analysis. The oxygen content ratio in the plasma treated CNT has increased about 3.7 times than the untreatedone. In the case of graphene and carbon black, the oxygen- and nitrogen- content has been enhanced average 10%. O-H (N-H) peak, C-O (C-N) peak, and C=O (C=N) peak data have been detected by FTIR measurement and intensified compared to before-plasma treatment due to O2 or NH3 content.