• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare the amount of dentifrice used in general by the subjects with the amount of dentifrice both by Pea-size and by sideways application(transverse technique) after the subjects of dental hygiene students applied dentifrice on the toothbrushes for kids. The amount of dentifrice was calculated by the weight differences between toothbrush itself and toothbrush with dentifrice on it after toothbrushes for children were allotted to subjects. For the first measurement, the subjects were told to apply out the amount of dentifrice considered proper for children when they brush their teeth. For the second one, they were told to apply out the amount of Pea-size dentifrice recommended to children. Finally, the subjects had to applied dentifrice out on their toothbrush in the sideways or transverse technique after they were taught the way to applied dentifrice out. In this experiment, the average amount of dentifrice per usage when he or she brush his or her teeth as usual was 0.40 g, and the average amount of dentifrice applied to Pea-size application was 0.43 g, and the average amount of dentifrice applied to Transverse technique application was 0.26 g. Transverse technique not only can be easy to show and teach the way to both children and their parents, but also can be recommendable to children because it can minimize fluoride intake carelessly.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.439-443
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to prevent excessive use of fluorine toothpaste. To comparatively evaluate the amount used of the fluorine toothpaste in children from 3 to 6 years old, the toothpaste amount was compared according to toothbrush size and toothpaste squeezing method targeting 84 children in 5 child care centers where were located in Hongseong-gun, Chungnam. The toothpaste amount was compared with a method of squeezing to pea-size and a method of smear on toothbrush, targeting 141 students for the Dept. of Dental Hygiene, who are actually carrying out oral health education to targeting children. The statistical analysis was used SPSS 14.0 K for Windows program(Copyright(c) SPSS Inc.). The following results were obtained. 1. The amount of fluorine toothpaste squeezed on toothbrush for children was 0.29 g. The amount of fluorine toothpaste squeezed on toothbrush for adults was 0.34 g. It was surveyed to use the less amount of toothpaste when squeezing to smaller toothbrush (p<0.05). 2. The amount that children aged 3-6 squeezed as the method of squeezing commonly at ordinary times was 0.31g. The amount that was squeezing to pea-size was 0.21 g. The amount that was squeezed by using smear method was measured to be 0.26g. Less amount of fluorine toothpaste was used with the method of squeezing to pea-size and smear method rather than a method of squeezing commonly at ordinary times(p<0.05). 3. As a result of surveying the students of the department of dental hygiene, the amount of having squeezed to pea- size was 0.23 g. It was surveyed to be 0.15 g when having used the smear method. Thus, it was surveyed to use the less amount of toothpaste when using the smear method(p<0.05). 4. Using smaller toothbrush, the amount used of fluorine toothpaste can be reduced. Both smear method and the method of squeezing to pea-size are available for minimizing careless fluorine intake by less used amount of fluorine toothpaste.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.64-79
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• 2024

The rise in popularity of vegetarian and plant-based diets has led to extensive research into plant-based whipped creams. Whipped cream is an oil-in-water emulsion that creates foam through whipping, stabilizing the foam with proteins and fats. Pea protein is an excellent emulsifier and foaming agent among plant-based proteins, but its application in whipped cream is currently limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of plant-based whipped cream made with ultrasonicated pea protein. The whipped creams were evaluated based on their quality characteristics. A commercially available dairy whipped cream (CON) was used as a control. Plant-based creams were evaluated using pea protein solution, cocoa butter, and canola oil to produce un-ultrasonicated pea protein whipped cream (PP) and ultrasonicated pea protein whipped cream (UPP) at 360 W for 6 min. UPP significantly reduced whipping time and foam drainage compared with CON and PP, resulting in significantly increased overrun, fat destabilization, and hardness. Optical microscopy showed that UPP had smaller fat globules and bubble size than PP. The fat globules of UPP and CON were mostly below 5 ㎛, whereas those of PP were distributed at 5-20 ㎛. Finally, ultrasonication significantly improved the overrun, foam drainage, fat destabilization, and hardness of UPP, which are significant quality characteristics of whipped creams. Therefore, ultrasonicated plant-based pea protein whipped cream is believed to be a viable alternative to dairy whipped cream.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.44-47
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• 1999

Fungal isolates belong to Fusarium solani (perfect stage : Nectria haematococca) were isolated form pea, ginseng roots and soybean during 1995 and 1996 in Korea. Thirty-five isolates were identified as F. solani f. sp. pisi based on the morphological characteristics and their pathogenicity. Microconidia formed on the long conidiophore were ovoid or oblong sizing 5~14 x 2.5~5.0 $\mu\textrm{m}$. Macroconidia were formed on carnation leaf agar media with 4.8~5.3 x 32.0~40.7 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in size. They belonged to $\beta$-type since their 3-septate macroconidia were smaller than $5\mu\textrm{m}$ in width. Chlamydospores were smooth- or rough- walled and formed in terminal or lateral branches of hyphae, intercalary, or in chains. Most isolates were highly virulent to pea seedlings, producing dark brown or rot lesions. This is the first report of f. solani f. sp. pisi being pathogenic to pea in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.334-339
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• 1993

Physicochemical properties such as amylose content, swelling power, gelatinization and DSC of legume starches were investigated. The granule shape of legume starches was oval. The size of cowpea and mung bean were smaller than kidney bean and red bean. The amylose content of mung bean and kidney bean was larger and were $25{\sim}29%$. Swelling power of kidney bean starch was much lower than other starches in all temperature range. In gelatinization temperature by Brabender amylogram, red bean starch was low, but kidney bean starch was rather high. Amylographic hot-paste viscosity and set back of cow pea, mung bean and red bean starches were high. But those of kidney bean starch were very low. DSC results Indicated kidney bean starch gelatinized in higher temperature. From above results, row pea and mung bean starches were similar in granule size and shape, solubility and swelling power, amylogram, and DSC thermogram. But kidney bean starch was very different and red bean starch was slightly different with the physicochemical properties of cow pea and mung bean starches.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 1992

Some physicochemical properties and molecular structure of cow pea, mung bean and acorn starches(mook-forming starches) and red bean, wheat and sweat potato starches(mook-unforming starches) were investigated. Amylose contents of cow pea, mung bean and acorn starch were higher than the others. Cow pea starch was similiar to mung bean starch in gelatinization characteristics by Brabender amylogram but cold viscosity of red bean starch and peak viscosity of sweet potato starch were especially high. Whereas viscosity of wheat starch was low in whole temperature range. Amylose molecules of larger molecular size$(above\;5{\times}10^5\;molecular\;weight)$ of three mook-forming starches were more than shoes of red bean and wheat starch. Chain distribution ratios$(DP\;35{\sim}55\;to\;DP\;10{\sim}20)$ of cow pea, mung bean and acorn amylopectin were higher than thoes of red bean, sweet potato and wheat amylopectin.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 1984

Leaf discs isolated from the pea seedling grown in nutrient solution containing 5mM ammonia or nitrate exhibited a half level of photorespiration as compared with the nitrogen free control. The manifestation of the ammonia effect appeared somewhat earlier than that of nitrate effect, but this difference subsided as the culture periods was extended. The total amount of ${CO}_2$ fixed by leaves from nitrogen-supplemented seedlings showed approximately 1.5 fold increase over the control with the ammonia effect being manifested earlier than the nitrate effect. The activities of peroxisomal serine: glyoxylate aminotransferase were always higher with ammonia than nitrate, the two types of nitrogen source, however, had similar effect on conversion rate of glyoxylate into glycine. These results indicate that exogenous ammonia does not act directly as an effector of this aminotransferase in vivo. But changes in the level of the pool size of glycine and serine, both of which are the intermediates of photorespiratory process, suggest that exogenous ammonia inhibit the transformation of serine from glycine metabolically.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.50-53
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• 2004

In March of 2003, the gray mold occurred severely on pea (Pisum sativum) grown in the green houses and open fields in Changseon-myon, Namhae-gun, Gyeongnam Province, Korea. The symptoms started with water-soaking lesions in the leaves, stems and pods. The typical symptoms of the leaves, stems and pods became withered, discolored and blighted, and then eventually died. The mycelia, conidia and conidiophore of the pathogen appeared on leaves, stems and pods. The conidia were gray, 1-celled, mostly ellipsoid or ovoid in the shape and were $8{\sim}17{\times}5{\sim}13\;{\mu}m$ in size. Conidiophores were $14{\sim}30\;{\mu}m$ in size. The sclerotia were formed abundantly on potato dextrose agar. The optimum temperature for sclerotial formation was $20^{\circ}C$. Pathogenicity of the causal organism was proven according to Koch's postulate. The causal organism was identified as Botrytis cinerea based on mycological characteristics. This is the first report on gray mold of Pisum sativum caused by B. cinerea in Korea.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.470-477
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• 2008

Core shell binder of organic/organic pair that has two different properties within a particle were prepared by a step emulsion polymerization of methacrylate (MMA), styrene (St), ethyl acrylate (EA), butyl acrylate (BA), and 2-HEMA by using an water soluble initiator(APS) in the presence of an anionic surfactant (SDBS). Unwoven tensile strength of the core shell binder after processing and measuring the PSt/PMMA/2-HEM core shell with the binder is a value represents the highest was $10.75\;kg_f$/2.5cm, elongation measurements PEA/PBA core shell binder showed the highest value was 120.00%. In conclusion, using the core shell binders were able to control the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.84-85
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• 2009

New approaches for detecting, preventing and remedying environmental damage are important for protection of the environment. Procedures must be developed and implemented to reduce the amount of waste produced in chemical processes, to detect the presence and/or concentration of contaminants and decontaminate fouled environments. Contamination can be classified into three general types: airborne, surface and structural. The most dangerous type is airborne contamination, because of the opportunity for inhalation and ingestion. The second most dangerous type is surface contamination. Surface contamination can be transferred to workers by casual contact and if disturbed can easily be made airborne. The decontamination of the surface in the nuclear facilities has been widely studied with particular emphasis on small and large surfaces. The amount of wastes being produced during decommissioning of nuclear facilities is much higher than the total wastes cumulated during operation. And, the process of decommissioning has a strong possibility of personal's exposure and emission to environment of the radioactive contaminants, requiring through monitoring and estimation of radiation and radioactivity. So, it is important to monitor the radioactive contamination level of the nuclear facilities for the determination of the decontamination method, the establishment of the decommissioning planning, and the worker's safety. But it is very difficult to measure the surface contamination of the floor and wall in the highly contaminated facilities. In this study, the poly(styrene-ethyl acrylate) [poly(St-EA)] core-shell composite polymer for measurement of the radioactive contamination was synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization. The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite emulsion particle was core-shell structure, with polystyrene (PS)as the core and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) as the shell. Core-shell polymers of styrene (St)/ethyl acrylate (EA) pair were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SOS) as an emulsifier using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The polymer was made by impregnating organic scintillators, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis[5-phenyl-2-oxazol]benzene (POPOP). Related tests and analysis confirmed the success in synthesis of composite polymer. The products are characterized by IT-IR spectroscopy, TGA that were used, respectively, to show the structure, the thermal stability of the prepared polymer. Two-phase particles with a core-shell structure were obtained in experiments where the estimated glass transition temperature and the morphologies of emulsion particles. Radiation pollution level the detection about under using examined the beta rays. The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite polymer synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization was a core-shell structure, as shown in Fig. 1. Core-shell materials consist of a core structural domain covered by a shell domain. Clearly, the entire surface of PS core was covered by PEA. The inner region was a PS core and the outer region was a PEA shell. The particle size distribution showed similar in the range 350-360 nm.