• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.4 s.28
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• pp.542-554
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• 1989

The skyrocketing inflation of medical costs has become a major health problem among most developed countries. Korea, which recently covered the entire population with National Health Insurance, is facing the same problem. The proportion of health expenditure to GNP has increased from 3% to 4.8% during the last decade. This was remarkable, if we consider the rapid economic growth during that time. A few policy analysts began to raise cost containment as an agenda, after recognizing the importance of medical cost inflation. In order to Prepare an appropriate alternative for the agenda, it is necessary to find out reasons for the cost inflation. Then, we should focus on the reasons which are controllable, and those whose control are socially desirable. This study is designed to articulate the theory of medical cost inflation through literature reviews, to find out reasons for cost inflation, by analyzing aggregated data with a deterministic model. Finally to identify determinants of changes in both medical demand and service intensity which are major reasons for cost inflation. The reasons for cost inflation are classified into cost push inflation and demand pull inflation, The former consists of increases in price and intensity of services, while the latter is made of consumer derived demand and supplier induced demand. We used a time series (1983-1987), and cross sectional (over regions) data of health insurance. The deterministic model reveals, that an increase in service intensity is a major cause of inflation in the case of inpatient care, while, more utilization, is a primary attribute in the case of physician visits. Multiple regression analysis shows that an increase in hospital beds is a leading explanatory variable for the increase in hospital care. It also reveals, that an introduction of a deductible clause, an increase in hospital beds and degree of urbanization, are statistically significant variables explaining physician visits. The results are consistent with the existing theory, The magnitude of service intensity is influenced by the level of co-payment, the proportion of old age and an increase in co-payment. In short, an increase in co-payment reduced the utilization, but it induced more intensities or services. We can conclude that the strict fee regulation or increase in the level of co-payment can not be an effective measure for cost containment under the fee for service system. Because the provider can react against the regulation by inducing more services.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 2021

Recently, various connected industrial parks (CIPs) architectures using new technologies such as cloud computing, CPS, big data, fifth-generation mobile communication 5G, IIoT, VR-AR, and ventilation transportation AI algorithms have been proposed in Korea. Korea's small and medium-sized enterprises do not have the upper hand in technological competitiveness than overseas advanced countries such as the United States, Europe and Japan. For this reason, Korea's small and medium-sized enterprises have to invest a lot of money in technology research and development. As a latecomer, Korean SMEs need to improve their profitability in order to find sustainable growth potential. Financially, it is most efficient for small and medium-sized Korean companies to cut costs to increase their profitability. This paper made profitability improvement by reducing costs for small and medium-sized enterprises located in CIPs in Korea a major task. VJP (Vehicle Action Program) was noted as a way to reduce costs for small and medium-sized enterprises located in CIPs in Korea. The method of achieving minimum logistics costs for small businesses through the Korean CIPs payment system was analyzed. The details of the new Korean CIPs payment system were largely divided into four types: "Business", "Data", "Technique", and "Finance". Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) was used as a performance analysis method for CIPs payment systems.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.63-72
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• 2022

With the advent of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin in 2009, the paradigm of money, a means of payment, has been changing significantly. And it has a great impact on our daily lives. Thus central banks have attempted various analyzes on the issuance and impact of digital currencies including electronic payments but a study on which issuance method is suitable is insufficient. In this study, the issuance of digital currency was analyzed compared to the electronic payments which are currently used. As a result, the account-based model did not show any significant differences from the current RTGS(real-time gross settlement systems) and retail payment systems. But the token-based model is expected that it can improve the efficiency of finance and induce technological innovation in the financial field. However, it was analyzed that this model would weaken the intermediary function of financial institutions such as loans due to the characteristics of digital signature technology. In addition, in order to protect consumers against security attacks such as hacking and phishing of CBDCs, legal and institutional supports similar to the current electronic payment method are required, and continuous technology development efforts are also required for the CBDC issuance model to maintain convenience and anonymity equivalent to cash.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.159-180
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the efficient selection of SMEs' trade settlement system through the empirical analysis of determinants of the payment method of SMEs in Korea. In the previous study, external factors, internal factors, settlement characteristics, transaction goods, transaction amount factors and risk management factors were used. Questionnaires were excluded from analysis, and the number of validated samples collected was 155. To conduct the study, all empirical analyses were verified at the significance level p <.005. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSSWIN 18.0 program. Analysis results found the payment method used in the company was based on the year of establishment, export items, transaction area, type of transaction, and size of company. Empirical analysis showed that factors influencing the choice of the letter of credit are external factors, internal factors, the risk management factors, and the transaction amounts, etc. Results of this study are as follows: First, the effects of external factors, internal factors, settlement characteristics, and transaction amounts were significant. Hypothesis testing of collections trading methods has not been adopted in all areas presented. In order to utilize the research results, we conducted the study and comparison of the payment method of the income.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.231-250
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• 2016

The study attempts to consider L/G(Letter of Guarantee) in a different angle, which is internationally used as a way of commercial customs and practices in a case when the consignee wants to receive the goods without the original Bill of Lading, Thus, this study focuses more on verifying the usage of L/G in Mixed Payment System and the range of guarantee responsibility by an issuing bank through case analysis. This case uses a mixed payment method of L/C(Letter of Credit) and T/T(Telegraphic Transfer) in the transaction of goods. The issuing bank of L/C issues L/G with the amount of L/C which is the same as the amount as C/I(Commercial Invoice). However the carrier deliver all goods laden under both L/C and T/T payment with the production of L/G. In this case, because the buyer is unable to pay, the seller makes a claim for damages to the carrier that the carrier delivers the goods to the buyer against L/G. Finally, the judge gives a decision that the issuing bank of L/G should pay the whole amount of the goods. In this case, the main issue of the dispute is the range of guarantee responsibility by the issuing bank of L/G. As a result of the case analysis, the study suggests two counter strategies for smooth utilization in international trade environment. First, in the case of mixed payment system, a seller should issue a commercial invoice separately based on the amount of each settlement plan in order to clarify the liability of guarantee. Second, banks should establish a new form for L/G including a sentence for verifying liabilities of the bank's side in the current form of L/G.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.33-49
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• 2014

Environmental concern has been an important issue for a few decades, and the extent of consumer demand for eco-friendly consumption has been increased. This study seeks to investigate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for eco-friendly cosmetics. This study evaluates how much more a consumer is willing to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics and examines significant factors influencing consumers' WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Consumers' WTP is measured using four different ecofriendly cosmetics: low-priced skin care cosmetics, low-priced makeup cosmetics, high-priced skin care cosmetics, and high-priced makeup cosmetics. This study uses the contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate consumer's WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Survey questions were designed using both dichotomous choice and payment card method of CVM. Through face to face interviews and on-line surveys, the data were collected from women between 20 and 49 years old residing in Seoul and Kyeonggi area, Korea, in May 2010. A total of 226 questionnaires (132 from interviews and 94 from on-line) were included for the analytical sample in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, T-test and Log-Logit analysis. The findings are as follows: First, the WTP measured by dichotomous choice method was estimated using the Log-Logit analysis. The results showed that the estimated WTP for low-priced skin care cosmetics was 19,152 won, which was 27.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won. For low-priced makeup cosmetics, the estimated WTP was 18,524 won, and its green premium was 21.0%. The estimated WTP for high-priced skin care cosmetics was 59,128 won, which was 18.3% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics was 57,666 won, and its green premium was 15.3%. Second, the WTP measure by payment card method was estimated using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the respondents were willing to pay 17,955 won for low-priced skin care cosmetics, which was 19.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won and 17,595 won for low-priced makeup cosmetics, which was 17.3% higher than the reference price. For high-priced skin care cosmetics, the average WTP was 56,950 won which was 13.9% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics, the average WTP was 55,650 won, which was 11.3% higher than the reference price. Overall, the WTP was higher in order of low-priced skin care, low-priced makeup, high-priced skin care, and high-priced makeup. It means that consumers decide degree of premium based on the price and the attributes of eco-friendly products. Third, the findings showed that age, monthly income, and having children or not were statistically significant factors that influenced consumers' willingness to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics. Other explanatory variables such as education, marital status, job, purchase experience of eco-friendly products, and environmental concerns did not show any statistical significance. The major contribution of this study is the investigation of the value of green attributes of the products by using CVM. Unlike most previous researches, this research used two methods of CVM, the dichotomous choice and the payment card, so it enhanced the reliability of research. According to this study, consumers showed price sensitivity when they pay green premium. These findings can be used as useful information to establish marketing strategies for green cosmetics.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-22
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• 2021

In the newly encountered economy caused by the Corona virus Disease-19, remote transaction becomes a new normal that disrupt traditional economic order. In the middle of the disruption, mobile tech is placed and remote finance on mobile is highly noticed and considered as an infra-tech to support the new ecology, In mobile finance. remote payment is becoming the most common service and personal identification on it is critical to operate the new service. There are various means of remotely identifying a person. Recently the use of biometric information is increasing. In this study, a correlation analysis was conducted on factors that effects to biometrics usage and the intention to use in remote personal identification. Variables for critical factor in the remote identification were classified into 4 groups such as Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Social influence, and Security. The empirical analysis based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was conducted. The relationship between variables and the intention to use is also analyzed. In the study, stepwise regression analysis was conducted four times in which variables were adjusted in individual stage. As a result, the analysis suggests that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, security have positive effects for intention to use. Additionally, effort expectancy and security have moderating effects to intention to use depends on biometric authentication experience. The analysis has shown positive effect of variables grouped on the intention to use them. It also suggests that the intention to use biometric authentication will quickly grow. This study is expected to make a contribution to utilize and improve the use of biometric information in mobile payment.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.177-200
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• 2021

Recently, the use of prepaid electronic payments such as electronic wallets, digital currency and prepaid points is gradually increasing. Prepaid electronic payments has the characteristic of being used after charging first. This study empirically investigated the factors affecting the intention to use online charging in order to help improve the service that require prepaid recharge by applying transformed TAM. Since there are not many previous studies for the intention to use online charging, we extract factors through preceding researches for electronic cash and mobile easy payment. Also we analyze the intention to use online charging for transportation card users, focusing on the moderating effects. As a result of the study, it was found that 'convenience', 'ubiquity', and 'self-efficacy' among the independent variables had a positive (+) effect on mediation variable 'perceived usefulness'. 'Perceived usefulness' was analyzed to have a significant influence on the dependent variable 'usage intention'. According to users' gender, internet usage time, internet shopping frequency, online charging frequency and transportation card usage type, the moderating effect was significant on 'perceived usefulness' and 'usage intention'. As an implication, it was suggested that service improvement and differentiated marketing are needed in direction of increasing the usefulness of services. Additional research directions were proposed for services such as e-wallets, prepaid points and digital currencies by adding other factors and moderate variables.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.123-133
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to develop the landscape resource assessment system(LRAS) to help evaluate the value of landscape resources(Jeju Island's Stonewall fencing farming land) for the introduction of direct payment system of the landscape preservation objectively and to applicate the model in the fields. Delphi survey on Jeju's stonewall experts shows that the order of priority among value evaluation elements on Jeju's stonewall is its harmony with surroundings(34%), the preservation of its original state(34%) and its density and scale(32%). Evaluation system development of landscape resources(Jeju's stonewall fencing filming land) and field observation survey utilizing it consists of the following five steps. Step 1 includes the first Delphi survey on Jeju's stonewall experts to decide its value evaluation elements and their priority. Step 2 is the second Delphi survey on Jeju's stonewall experts to grade pictures of landscape resources(Jeju's stonewall fencing farming land) on the basis of expert-proposed value evaluation standards. Step 3 consists of analysis work using the result of Delphi survey on experts. Step 4 is to select five grade standard pictures according to each of three grading elements of A, B, C belonging to each of the three standards. Then, it is necessary to make panels including five A-grade pictures, five B-grade pictures and five C-grade pictures according to each of the three elements of density, harmony, and original state preservation. Step 5 consists of field observation survey. According to the result of few experts' value evaluation of stonewall fencing farming land with the aid of NRAS developed in this research, the area of Pyeongdae-ri is ranked first, and then the area of Bukcheon-ri, Chocheon-up, the area of Gwakgi-ri, Ewol-up, the area of Shinum-ri, Ewol-up and the area of Yongsu-ri, hankyung-Myun are ranked in the order named. When those areas are graded, A Grade Areas includes the areas of Pyeongdae-ri, the area of Bukcheon-ri, the area of Gwakgi-ri, B Grade Areas consist of the area of Shinum-ri and the area of Yongsu-ri, and the areas of Onpyeong, wimi and youngrak belong to C Grade Area.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.493-499
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• 2023

Trade credit refers to a transaction where a product supplier allows an distributor to defer payment for a certain period of time for the purchase cost of the products. This practice is generally permitted as a means of differentiation between competing companies. Such trade credit is commonly granted based on the volume of transactions, aiming to increase customer orders. From the perspective of the distributor, trade credit allows for a deferred payment period for the purchase cost, leading to cost savings in inventory investment. These cost savings in inventory investment can be a factor in reducing selling prices with the aim of increasing customer demand. In this study, we analyze a model that determines the optimal selling price and order quantity from the perspective of the distributor, assuming that the supplier allows a deferred payment period dependent on the transaction volume. We assume that the final customer's annual demand exhibits an exponential decrease with respect to the distributor's selling price, using a constant price elasticity function. To analyze the problem, we assume that the product deteriorates at a constant rate over time and aim to establish an inventory model for the intermediate distributor. We also want to analyze the impact of deterioration on the inventory policies of the intermediate distributor.