• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.368-373
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• 2010

The incisors function as instruments for biting and cutting food during mastication. They also support the lips and face and maintain vertical dimension. In addition, they contribute to overall normal arch appearance. They play important role during the articulation of speech and assist in guiding jaw closure. Extraction and space maintenance are the most common treatment for a tooth with poor prognosis. However, in the mixed dentition, extraction of the upper permanent incisors results in many complications, such as resorption of alveolar bone, poor esthetics, pronunciation, and mastication. Considering these various roles of incisors in oral cavity, approach for traumatized incisors, even the ones with poor prognosis, should be considered first prior to simple extraction. The dentist must take into account the age of the patient, growth potential, occlusion, oral hygiene status, economic status and motivation towards dental health in addition to patient compliance. In this case, although the prognosis was predicted to be unfavorable due to short root and mobility, we could save the central incisor using conservative treatment, reposition by orthodontic appliance instead of extraction.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2010

Purpose: Several radiopharmaceuticals were used for cisternography. But recently, due to more short acquisition time, high resolution than other radiopharmaceuticals like In-111 DTPA, we were using Tc-99m DTPA in cisternography. Using of Tc-99m DTPA for intrathecal, was not officially recognised by the FDA. And there are matters of aseptic meningitis, muscular tetany, seizures by inappropriate radiopharmaceuticals handling. So, it is necessary to prevent adverse reactions while handling the radiopharmaceuticals using in cisternography. Therefore, this study aims to evaluation of usefulness and procedures for safety of radiopharmaceuticals in cisternography. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 12radioactive tracer vials using in cisternography in 2008 Dec. 16 - 2009 Dec. 30. (1) Radioactive tracer Vial test - We were measured NaPertechnetate radiation dose and volume, normal saline volume for dilution, source volume and dose activity for patient injection. And then, calculated mass of pure DTPA. (2) Bacterial endotoxin test - We performed pyrogen test using by negative/positive control vials which was added normal saline 0.2 mL and added normal saline 0.1 mL, Tc-99m DTPA 0.1 mL in test control vial. And then, reacted by digital hot plate in $37.5^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour and compared of gel-clot in each control vials. (3) Compliance safety procedure - We were checked safety issues and wrote out a safety procedure exam sheet. Results: (1) Radioactive tracer Vial test - Mass of DTPA per dose for patient injection (mg) was 0.88 (mg) on average, and Mass of DTPA per volume for patient injection (mg) was 0.74 (mg) on average. (2) Bacterial endotoxin test - All control test vials showed negative reactions. (3) Compliance safety procedure - We were checked safety issues and wrote out a safety exam sheet in all the exams. So, there were no adverse reactions. Conclusion: We could examine easier to safety tests using by Techscan - DTPA (Mallinckrodt): CaNa3. Each test results were passed the safety tests and there are no adverse reactions. The use of Tc-99m DTPA for cisternography, always has been become an issue. Since it has occur adverse reaction while examine the cisternography using by Tc-99m DTPA, it needs to set up the 'Standard Operating procedures'.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.201-209
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• 1996

Background : Auto-PEEP which develops when expiratory lung emptying is not finished until the beginning of next inspiration is frequently found in patients on mechanical ventilation. Its presence imposes increased risk of barotrauma and hypotension, as well as increased work of breathing (WOB) by adding inspiratory threshold load and/or adversely affecting to inspiratory trigger sensitivity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of auto-PEEP with WOB and to evaluate the effect of PEEP applied by ventilator (external PEEP) on WOB in patients with auto-PEEP. Method : 15 patients, who required mechanical ventilation for management of acute respiratory failure, were studied. First, the differences in WOB and other indices of respiratory mechanics were examined between 7 patients with auto-PEEP and 8 patients without auto-PEEP. Then, we applied the 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP to patients with auto-PEEP and evaluated its effects on lung mechanics as well as WOB. Indices of respiratory mechanics including tidal volume ($V_T$), repiratory rate, minute ventilation ($V_E$), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), $T_I/T_{TOT}$, auto-PEEP, dynamic compliance of lung (Cdyn), expiratory airway resistance (RAWe), mean airway resistance (RAWm), $p_{0.1}$, work of breathing performed by patient (WOB), and pressure-time product (PTP) were obtained by CP-100 Pulmonary Monitor (Bicore, USA). The values were expressed as mean $\pm$ SEM (standard error of mean). Results : 1) Comparison of WOB and other indices of respiratory mechanics in patients with and without auto-PEEP : There was significant increase in WOB ($l.71{\pm}0.24$ vs $0.50{\pm}0.19\;J/L$, p=0.007), PTP ($317{\pm}70$ vs $98{\pm}36\;cm$ $H_2O{\cdot}sec/min$, p=0.023), RAWe ($35.6{\pm}5.7$ vs $18.2{\pm}2.3\;cm$ H2O/L/sec, p=0.023), RAWm ($28.8{\pm}2.5$ vs $11.9{\pm}2.0cm$ H2O/L/sec, p=0.001) and $P_{0.1}$ ($6.2{\pm}1.0$ vs 2.9+0.6 cm H2O, p=0.021) in patients with auto-PEEP compared to patients without auto-PEEP. The differences of other indices including $V_T$, PEFR, $V_E$ and $T_I/T_{TOT}$ showed no significance. 2) Effect of 3 cm $H_2O$ external PEEP on respiratory mechanics in patients with auto-PEEP : When 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP was applied, there were significant decrease in WOB ($1.71{\pm}0.24$ vs $1.20{\pm}0.21\;J/L$, p=0.021) and PTP ($317{\pm}70$ vs $231{\pm}55\;cm$ $H_2O{\cdot}sec/min$, p=0.038). RAWm showed a tendency to decrease ($28.8{\pm}2.5$ vs $23.9{\pm}2.1\;cm$ $H_2O$, p=0.051). But PIP was increased with application of 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP ($16{\pm}2$ vs $22{\pm}3\;cm$ $H_2O$, p=0.008). $V_T$, $V_E$, PEFR, $T_I/T_{TOT}$ and Cdyn did not change significantly. Conclusion : The presence of auto-PEEP in mechanically ventilated patients was accompanied with increased WOB performed by patient, and this WOB was decreased by 3 cm $H_2O$ of externally applied PEEP. But, with 3 cm $H_2O$ of external PEEP, increased PIP was noted, implying the importance of close monitoring of the airway pressure during application of external PEEP.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.372-389
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• 1995

The frequency with which administration of chemotherapy for gynecological cancer treatment is used has increased along with the use of surgery and radiotherapy Among the various side effects of chemotherapy, stomatitis causes a problem of function and sensation in the oral cavity. This oral discomfort can be categorized into two components ; perceived oral symptoms and observed oral symptoms. If the oral problem continues, it may cause infection, bleeding and nutritional deficiencies. As a result of this condition, compliance with the treatment process can be affected as well as the prognosis for the cancer patients. But as the oral discorrfort usually appears after chemotherapy, it is often not reported to the health care personnel as a patient problem. Without problem identification of the oral discomfort and ability to assess the problem, effective intervention cannot be planned. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the pattern and the degree of oral discomfort due to cancer chemotherapy and thus to provide data for identification of the patient problem and for nursing assessment. The design of this study was a longitudinal de-scriptive study The subjects were in - patients who received chemotherapy under the diagnosis of gynecological cancer between Mar. 15, 1994 and May 15, 1994 at a general hospital in Seoul, Korea. The number of subjects was 64 and they were divided into two groups, one of 41 (A : 5FU & Neoplatin), the other of 23(B : Neoplatin, Cytoxan, Adriamycin), according to the treatment regimen. The data were collected for 24 days using self-re-port instruments. The instruments were the 「Perceived Oral Symptom Assessment Tool」 and 「Observed Oral Symptom Assessment Tool」 developed by this researcher. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-PC program, ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient were applied. The results of this study are as follows : 1. In A regimen the peak time for perceived oral symptom scores was the fifth day after chemotherapy, and the tenth day for observed oral symptom scores. Both of the problems started on first day of chemotherapy and were not resolved completely until the 24th day after treatment. 2. In B regimen, the peak time for perceived oral symptom scores was on the seventh day after chemotherapy, and the eighth day for observed oral symptom scores. It was noted that perceived oral symptom scores were higher than observed oral symptom scores consistently for 24 days. Both also started on first day of chemotherapy, and were not resolved completely until the 24th day after chemotherapy. 3. There were no differences statistically in perceived oral symptom scores between A and B regimen. The loss of appetite and xerostomia caused the most severe discomfort in both of these two groups. 4. The were no differences statistically in observed oral symptom scores between the A and B regi moil. In the A regimen, the highest observed symptom scores were the lips, gingiva, tongue and buccal membrane in that order. But in the B regimen, the highest observed symptom scores were tongue, lips, buccal membrane and gingiva in that order. 5. In A regimen, the patients who had gingival edema and dentures had significantly higher perceived oral symptom scores. And those who had gingival edema and bleeding, foul odor and aphthous stomatitis had significantly higher observed oral symptom scores. 6. In B regimen, the patients who had the experience of stomatitis in the last course of chemotherapy had significantly higher perceived oral symptom scores. Those who had gingival edema had significantly higher observed oral symptom scores. 7. In the A regimen there was no correlation between lab values for lymphocytes and albumin with perceived oral symptom scores and observed oral symptom scores. In the B regimen, there was a significant negative correlation between lymphocytes and albumin with the observed oral symptom scores, but not between perceived oral symptom scores and lymphocytes and albumin values. In conclusion, the nurse should expect that the patient undergoing chemotherapy will complain severely about subjective discomfort and before objective physical change is observed. Also the patients who have chronic oral problems such as dentures, gingival edema and bleeding, foul odor, aphthous stomatitis will complain of severe oral discomfort due to chemotherapy.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2010

Purpose : It has been a common medical practice to use prophylactic antibiotics to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) in high risk situations such as urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder, or urinary stones. But sometimes, we meet difficult situation of breakthrough infections (BI) which might cause new or progressive renal scarring. The clinical characteristics of children contracting breakthrough UTI experienced in a single center were studied. Methods : The study was done retrospectively through medical records of 150 pediatric patients who had been cared in pediatric and urologic clinics of Pusan National University Hospital from Jan. 2001 till June 2006 and had prophylactic antibiotics to prevent recurrent UTI. Results : The starting age of prophylactic antibiotics of 150 patient was 1-76 months, and median age was 5 months. The BI developed 61 times in 43 patients (28.7%), 1.5 times per 100 patient-months. The BI occurred more frequently in patients with higher grade of VUR, and in the cases with abnormal DMSA scan. Co-trimoxazole was more effective than 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins to prevent UTI. The distribution of causative organisms was more diverse than usual UTI. The causative organisms were sensitive to the antibiotics used for prophylaxis in 29.5%, and resistant in 59.1%. After experience of BI, 40 percents of patients went to the surgical treatment including endoscopic injection of Deflux, 35% to new antibiotics for prophylaxis, 26% remain on the same antibiotics as the previous one. Conclusion : Based on our study results, preexisting renal scar might be one of the factors which should be considered in favor of early surgical interventions of VUR. Poor compliance and wrong selection of antibiotics such as cephalosporins are important underlying causes of breakthrough UTIs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 1999

Background : Maximal expiratory flow rate is determined by the size of airway, elastic recoil pressure and the collapsibility of airway in the lung. The obstruction of expiratory flow is one of the major functional impairments of emphysema, which represents COPD. Nevertheless, expiratory narrowing of upper airway may be recruited as a mechanism for minimizing airway collapse, and maintaining lung volume and hyperinflation by an endogenous positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with airflow obstruction. We investigated the physiologic role of trachea in respiration in emphysema. Method : We included 20 patients diagnosed as emphysema by radiologic and physiologic criteria from January to August in 1997 at Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital. Chest roentgenogram, high resolution computed tomography(HRCT), and pulmonary function tests including arterial blood gas analysis and body plethysmography were taken from each patient. Cross-sectional area of trachea was measured according to the respiratory cycle on the level of aortic arch by HRCT and calibrated with body surface area. We compared this corrected area with such parameters of pulmonary function tests as $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, airway resistance, lung compliance and so on. Results : Expiratory cross-sectional area of trachea had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$ (r=-0.61, p<0.05), $PaO_2$ (r=0.6, p<0.05), and minute ventilation (r=0.73, p<0.05), but inspiratory cross-sectional area did not (r=-0.22, p>0.05 with $PaCO_2$, r=0.26, p>0.05 with $PaO_2$, and r=0.44, p>0.05 with minute ventilation). Minute ventilation had significant correlation with tidal volume (r=0.45, p<0.05), but it had no significant correlation with respiratory frequency (r=-0.31, p>0.05). Cross-sectional area of trachea had no significant correlation with other parameters of pulmonary function including $FEV_1$, FVC, $FEV_1$/FVC, peak expiratory flow, residual volume, diffusing capacity, airway resistance, and lung compliance, whether the area was expiratory or inspiratory. Conclusion : Cross-sectional area of trachea narrowed during expiration in emphysema, and its expiratory area had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, and minute ventilation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1105-1113
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• 1997

Background : Prone position improves oxygenation in some patients with ARDS. According to some authors, prone position can also improve the deteriorated hemodynamics induced by PEEP. But these respiratory and hemodynamic effects of prone position has not yet been fully established. Methods : Twentythree consequtive patients with ARDS(M : F= 11 : 12, $62.1{\pm}20.8yrs$) were the subjects for this study. ABGA, static compliance of the respiratory system, mean arterial pressure and pulse rate were obtained in supine position and at 5min, 0.5h and 2h of prone position. Positive respiratory response was defined as 20mmHg or more increase in $PaO_2/FIO_2$ within 2h of prone position. Early of late respiratory responses were defined if the positive response was observed within of after 3 day of ARDS onset, respectively. Positive hemodynamic response was defined as 10mmHg or more increase in mean arterial pressure at 5min of prone position. Results : Fifteen patients (65%) showed positive respiratory response. In the respiratory responders, $PaO_2$ was $69.8{\pm}17.6mmHg$ in supine position, $83.2{\pm}22.6mmHg$ in prone position 0.5h, $96.8{\pm}22.7mmHg$ in prone position 2h(p<0.001), and $PaO_2/FIO_2$ was $108{\pm}41mmHg$, $137{\pm}57mmHg$, $158{\pm}50mmHg$, respectively(p=0.001). Age, sex, cause of ARDS, supine $PaO_2$ and $PaO_2/FIO_2$ were not different between the respiratory responders and the nonresponders. The respiratory responders, however, showed higher mean arterial pressure than the nonresponders($91.1{\pm}13.1mmHg$ vs. $76.0{\pm}18.7mmHg$, p=0.035), and tendency of higher survival rate(9/15 vs. 2/8, p=0.074). Static compliance of the respiratory system was decreased in prone position 0.5h($28.4{\pm}7.9ml/cm$ $H_2O$ vs. $23.8{\pm}7.6ml/cm$ $H_2O$, p=0.007). The overall rate of early response(n=23) and late response(n=11) were similar(14/23 vs. 7/11, p>0.05). But patient without early response showed late response only in 25%(1/4), while patient with early response showed late response in 85.7%(6/7)(p=0.072). Five patients(22%) showed positive hemodynamic response, two of them being respiratory nonresponders. There were no differences in the baseline mean arterial pressure or the level of PEEP applied in supine between the hemodynamic responders and the hemodynamic nonresponders. Conclusions : Prone position either improved oxygenation or increased arterial pressure in significant proportion of patients with ARDS. And the respiratory response to prone position was thought to be determined in the early stage of ARDS.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2009

Fluconazole is used as an orally administrated antifungal drug for the treatment of tinea corporis, candidiasis including skin mycotic pneumonia infections. The dosage of fluconazole varies with indication ranging from 50 mg/day to 400 mg/day. The fluconazole capsule 50 mg (3 capsules daily) is already available in Korean market. To improve the patient compliance, a fluconazole tablet 150 mg (once a day administration) was developed recently. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of three doses of fluconazole capsule 50 mg (Diflucan 50 mg, Pfizer Korea Inc., as a reference drug) and a single dose of fluconazole tablet 150 mg (Plunazol 150 mg, Daewoong Pharm. Co., Korea) according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The bioequivalence for three capsules of Diflucan 50 mg and a single tablet of Plunazol 150 mg was investigated in twenty-four healthy male volunteers under a randomized 2${\times}$2 crossover trial design. The average age of twenty-four volunteers was 24.78${\pm}$3.27 year-old, average height was 175.56${\pm}$5.45 cm and average weight was 67.24${\pm}$6.86 kg. After three capsules of Diflucan 50 mg or a single tablet of Plunazol 150 mg were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the plasma concentrations of fluconazole in plasma were determined using LC-MS-MS. The 90% confidence intervals for the main parameters of statistical results after logarithmic transformation were AUCt 0.9272-1.0084 and Cmax 0.8423-0.9544 respectively, which are in the range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 and the statistical results of additional parameters (AUClast, t1/2 and MRT) were also in the 90% confidence interval that is in the range of log 0.8 to log 1.25. Therefore, the results of this study confirm the bioequivalence of three capsules of Diflucan 50 mg to one tablet of Plunazol 150 mg.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.72-91
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the recognition of health information managers, and to analyze the level of job satisfaction and organizational commitment of medical record technicians. The data for this study were collected through a self-administered survey with a structured questionnaire to 172 subjects from medical record technicians working in hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province as well as the faculty of medical schools across South Korea. In this analysis frequency, t-test, ANOVA, factor analysis and structural equation model were used. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1. As for recognition of the seven dimensions in the role of health information managers, the role as clinical data specialist received the most positive feedback, followed by document & repository managers, patient information coordinators, health information managers, data quality managers, security officers and research & decision support analyst. 2. The level of job satisfaction among medical information handlers and managers averaged 3.14. In terms of the factors in the work environment concerned with job satisfaction, being able to work independently and as team players reached the top among 6 factors with the average of 3.39, followed by professional position, salary & rewards, expectations for job performance and administration. 3. The average rate of organizational commitment stood at 3.09. Respondents tend to be focused on present tasks rather than future-oriented tasks. 4. The result of the analysis based on the relationship between recognition as health information managers, job satisfaction and organizational commitment found that all analysis are statistically meaningful. The more the respondents were aware of their roles as health information managers, the more they tended to be committed to their work and satisfied with their work. The more the respondents were committed to their work, the more satisfaction was seen. The effects of recognition as health information managers on organizational commitment measured 0.27 and for job satisfaction it was 0.17. The effects of organizational commitment on job satisfaction stood at 0.71. The feasibility of the model meets the standard at Chi-square value of 66.755 and the P value of 0.057. The Normed Fit Index (NFI) of 0.930 was in compliance with the standard for model feasibility and the squared multiple correlation coefficient of this model was 8% in organizational commitment and 60% in job satisfaction.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.201-216
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• 2017

Objective: This research aimed to understand patients' perceptions of Korean medicine treatment for osteoporosis in a clinical trial setting. Methods: Ten patients participating in a clinical trial of a herbal medicine drug for osteoporosis were invited to an interview. Data were collected by in-depth interviews and patient observations. This qualitative study adopted the case study research method, and within-case and cross-case analyses were conducted. Results: A model of the patients' osteoporosis management planning was derived from the study. The results showed that the patients' perceptions of osteoporosis were derived from their knowledge and experience during diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Two groups of patients were recognized: those who overlooked the importance of osteoporosis and those who recognized the importance of osteoporosis. Before making treatment decisions about osteoporosis, the patients evaluated the treatment options and weighed the advantages and disadvantages of each option. When evaluating their treatment, the patients combined their knowledge and experience of Korean and western medicine treatments. Their experience of participating in the clinical trial influenced the management planning of osteoporosis. Two major reasons for low compliance with osteoporosis treatment were ignorance of the disease and insufficient information provided by doctors. Conclusion: The results of this qualitative study pointed to four strategies that could be employed to improve accessibility to Korean medicine treatment for osteoporosis: the dissemination of comprehensive information on osteoporosis in the clinic and mass media, promotion of Korean medicine therapies for osteoporosis, management of clinical trial participants, and insurance coverage for Korean medicine.