• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 1998

Nitrogen and phosphorus loads from an agricultural watershed of the Yulmun-chon tributary in the Buk-Han River Basin were quantified based on total amounts of water stream flow. The water quality and soil loss were estimated. Levels of the stream were recorded automatically using the water level meter. The flow velocities, along with the cross-sectional areas of the riverbed, were measured to estimate total amounts of water flow at three monitoring sites in this tributary. Water samples were collected at nine sites with two weeks interval from May to August and analyzed for the water quality parameters. Amounts of soil loss were estimated by the USLE. The size of the Yulmunchon watershed was 3,210 ha, of which paddy and upland soil areas were composed about 41%. The total amounts of soil loss from the watershed areas were estimated to be $13,273Mg\;year^{-1}$, showing 53%, 46% and 0.7% of the soil loss ratio from upland, forest, and paddy areas, respectively. Electrical conductivities and Nitrogen concentrations of the stream water were higher in the lower watershed area than in the upper area. Increments of N were higher for $NO_3-N$ than $NH_4-N$. Nitrate nitrogen was the major N form to pollute the water due to the agricultural activity. Total runoff was about 72% of the total precipitation in the watershed. The maximum loads of T-N and T-P due to the runoff were estimated to be 1,500 and $5kg\;day^{-1}$, respectively. Concentrations of $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$ in the runoff were 13.5 and 1.8 times higher than those in precipitation. The N loads were mainly from soil loss, application of fertilizer, and livestock wastes, which were 52% of total N load. Results demonstrated that reduction of fertilizer use and the soil loss would be essential for water quality protection of the agricultural watershed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.835-840
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• 2018

Quantitative determination of the protein expression levels is one of the most important parts in assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Overexpression of AtCYP78A7, a gene encoding cytochrome P450 protein, has been reported to improve tolerance to abiotic stress, such as drought and salt stress, in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for diagnosing AtCYP78A7 protein including AtCYP78A7-specific monoclonal antibody was developed. GST-AtCYP78A7 recombinant protein was induced and purified by affinity column. Four monoclonal antibodies (mAb 6A7, mAb 4C2, mAb 11H6, and mAb 7E8) against recombinant protein were also produced and biotinylated with avidin-HRP. After pairing test using GST-AtCYP78A7 protein and lysate of rice samples, mAb 4C2 and mAb 7E8 were selected as a capture antibody and a detecting antibody, respectively, for ELISA kit. Product test using rice samples indicated that percentages of detected protein in total protein were greater than 0.1% in AtCYP78A7-overexpressing transgenic rice (Line 10B-5 and 18A-4), whereas those in negative control non-transgenic rice (Ilpum and Hwayoung) were less than 0.1%. The ELISA kit developed in this study can be useful for the rapid detection and safety assessment of transgenic rice overexpressing AtCYP78A7.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1063-1071
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• 1997

Backgroung : The efficacy of oral corticosteroids in the treatment of chronic asthma is undisputed, but their long-term use is associated with adverse side-effects, including supression of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis function, osteoporosis, weight gain, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance. The introduction of inhaled corticosteroids in the early 1970's represented a significant therapeutic advance in the management of asthma, since these compounds combined high topical potency with low systemic activity. Fluticasone propionate is a new topically active synthetic glucocorticosteroid that combinds a high degree of efficacy with negligible systemic bioavailability. This study was perfomed to determine the effect of inhaled fluticasone propionate on the adreocortical supression in patients with bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Method : The adrenocortical function was assessed by measurement of plasma cortisol concentration at 8 o'clock in morning and free cortisol in 24 hour urine collection at interval. Absolutely, no steroid was taken during pretreatment period of 10days. There after each subject inhaled fluticasone aerosol, in daily doses of 500 or 1000micrograms for 12days. The dose was delivered by metered dose inhaler(MDI). Results : The serum cortisol and 24hour urinary free cortisol were not decreased during the treatment period in patients with inhaled fluticasone propionate in daily doses of 500 micrograms. In contrast, serum cortisol was significantly decreased on 9th and 12th day(p less than 0.05). And, 24hour urinary free cortisol was also significantly decreased on 3rd and 12th day of treatement period(p less than 0.05) in patients with inhaled fluticasone in daily doses of 1000 micrograms. Conclusion : These results suggested that endogenous cortisol secretion was not supressed after short-term inhalation of fluticasone in daily dose of 500 micrograms, but in daily dose of 1000 micrograms, the endogenous cortisol secretion was supressed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.680-689
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the validation method for isoflavone contents of fermented soybean extracts by bioconversion as well as their antioxidant activities. Our results show that the total isoflavone contents of non-fermented and fermented soybean extract ranged between 119.8 to $637.7{\mu}g/g$ and between 567.3 to $2,074.6{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Moreover, fermented soybean extracts had higher contents of isoflavone aglycones, including daidzein, glycitein, and genistein than non-fermented soybean extracts as well as lower contents of isoflavone glucosides such as daidzin, glycitin, and genistin. FRAP and ORAC values ranged between 0.15 to 0.22 and between 195.24 to $753.79{\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents/g in non-fermented and fermented soybean extracts, respectively. These results indicate that fermented soybean extracts had higher total isoflavone contents and antioxidant activities than non-fermented soybean extracts. Bioconversion process in this study may have the potential to produce isoflavone-enriched natural antioxidant agents with high added value from soybean matrices.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.296-304
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the relation between water quality and structure of the aquatic ecosystem in the Lake Gachang from February to December in 2010. The annual mean COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) in Lake Gachang was 3.5 mg $L^{-1}$, indicating, level II of environmental standards and the trophic state was mesotrophic. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton showed that Bacillariophyceae was mostly dominant species throughout the year except August. In case of zooplankton, rotifers dominate in the most seasons, but copepod (Nauplii) in August. The macrophyte plants showed diverse species composition consisted of 9 varieties, 77 species, 64 genera, 34 families and 24 orders. Surveyed species of macroinvertebrates were classified into 1 phyla, 2 classes, 4 orders, 7 families, 9 species. The macroinvertebrates showed FFG (Functional Feeding Groups) such as GC (Gathering-Collector) and SH (Shedder). A total of 42 species of fish was collected including $Zacco$ $koreanus$ and $Coreoperca$ $herzi$. In this study, we investigated environmental factors including pollutant source, load, water quality and distribution characteristics of biota such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophyte plants, macroinvertebrates, fish.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.386-392
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• 2016

This study investigated the isoflavone content, total phenol content, antioxidant activities (DPPH radical scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and ${\beta}$-glucan content of defatted soybean extracts by bioconversion. Soybean was fermented with Lentinula edodes using submerged liquid fermentation system. Defatted soybean powder prepared by hexane (HDS; hexane defatted soybean) and ethanol (EDS; ethanol defatted soybean). The major components of non-fermented HDS (NFHDS) and EDS (NFEDS) were glucoside, such as daidzin, glycitin and genistin. During the bioconversion processing, isoflavone glucoside converted into aglycone such as daidzein, glycitein and genistein. The highest total isoflavone contents of fermented HDS (FHDS) were $2577.96{\mu}g/mL$, and the lowest total isoflavone contents of NFEDS were $428.27{\mu}g/mL$. The highest total phenol contents of fermented EDS (FEDS) was 42.34 mg GAE/g. DPPH radical scavenging and ORAC value were 31.30 to 59.92% and 247.48 to $786.36{\mu}M\;TE/g$ in non-fermented defatted soybean and fermented soybean, respectively. ${\beta}$-Glucan contents were 0.09 to 0.11% in non-fermented defatted soybean and fermented soybean, respectively. These results indicate that fermented soybean could be used as natural antioxidants for the development of functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2010

As the causative agent of Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis causes an acute fatal disease in herbivores such as cattle, sheep, and horses as well as humans. The therapeutics and prevention of anthrax currently available are based on antibiotics and the live attenuated vaccine strains, which may be problematic due to the emergency of antibiotic resistant strains or residual virulence in those vaccine strains. Therefore, it has been required to develop novel therapeutics and vaccines which are safer and applicable to humans. Recently, the development of the multivalent vaccine targeting both spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis along with anthrax toxin has been reported. In our attempts to screen potential candidates for those multivalent vaccines, the whole genomic expression library of B. anthracis was constructed in this study. To the end, the partial digests of the genomic DNA from B. anthracis (ATCC 14578) with Sau3AI were ligated with the inducible pET30abc expression vectors, resulting in approximately $1{\times}10^5$ clones in E. coli BL21(DE3). The redundancy test by DNA nucleotide sequencing was performed for the randomly selected 111 clones and found 56 (50.5%) B. anthracis genes, 17 (15.3%) vector sequences, and 38 (34.2%) unknown genes with no sequence homology by BLAST. An inducible expression of the recombinant proteins was confirmed by Western blot. Interestingly, some clones could react with the antiserum against B. anthracis. These results imply that the whole genomic library constructed in this study can be applied for analyzing the immunomes of B. anthracis.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Acer tegmentosum for production of functional oyster mushroom. Total nitrogen and carbon sources of Acer tegmentosum were 0.2% and 44.4%, respectively and C/N ratio was 234. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrate mixed with Acer tegmentosum were 2.7~2.9 and 4.8~5.0, respectively. The contents of $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ and MgO at Acer tegmentosum media were higher than that of the control. Mycerial growth was the fastest at Acer tegmentosum 10%, and slower by increase of Acer tegmentosum substrate. Yields of fruiting body was the highest to 159 g/850 mL at 10% of Acer tegmentosum and dimeter and thick of pileus were the highest, too. The L value of pileus and stipes were decreased by increase of Acer tegmentosum substrate, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. The contents of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ of fruiting body were increased at Acer tegmentosum substrate, but there was no significant difference in contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2011

A new and improved analytical method involving alkaline pyridine extraction was proposed to quantity chlorophyll contents in syrup and candy type chlorella products. The performance of analytical method was compared with the conventional Korea food standard method which involves acetone extraction. The application of sonication chlorophyll extraction form alkaline pyridine sample was also explored. The analytical procedure was validated by evaluating accuracy, precision and reproducibility. For liquid samples, the pyridine extraction method showed higher accuracy and precision compared to acetone extraction method. The CV values of pyridine extract method and the acetone extraction method were 18.82 and 40.0, and the accuracy to theoretical values were 106.3% and 78.1%, respectively. When sonication extraction method was applied to the pyridine extraction, the precision was improved as indicated by reduced CV values from 18.82 to 11.36. The improved performance of pyridine-sonication extraction was also validated by recovery test of chlorophyll that was previously spiked into the sample matrix. For solid matrix, the pyridine extraction method showed better performance in analysis of chlorophyll in solid food matrix (CV = 7.05) compared to conventional acetone extraction method (CV = 30.0). However, the accuracy to theoretical values of pyridine and acetone extraction methods only showed only 62.7% an 40%, respectively. The relatively low accuracy of pyridine extraction method (62.7%) was improved to 99.4% by applying additional sonication extraction method. The improved performance of applying additional sonication extraction was validated by standard deviation, CV values and accuracy to theoretical values.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2002

A hot water extract was prepared from the artificially grown Gastrodia elata to investigate its chemical composition and various in vitro biological activities as an effort to develop G. elata as health/functional food materials. The contents of crude protein, ash, fat, fiber, moisture and total sugar were 5.4, 2.6, 3.6, 3.3, 8.1 and 77% (w/w), respectively. The extract of G. elata had greater amount of potassium (1,150 mg/100 g) than phosphorus (300 mg/100 g). Dose-dependence against human carcinoma (Hep3B, MCF-7, A549 and AGS) were observed from 0.2 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml. Especially, the treatment of 1.0 mg/ml extracts showed the highest cytotoxicity with 83% against gastric carcinoma (AGS). The extracts showed weak antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but practically no antimicrobial activity against the other microorganisms tested. The effect of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition was 64% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) of the extract in the range of $0.2{\sim}1.0mg/ml$ showed $63{\sim}89%$, and the highest ACE inhibition was 89% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of extracts. The highest activity of glutathion S-transferase (GST) was 221 % at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of the G. elata extracts. These results suggest that G. elata may be used as health/functional food materials.