• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.236-245
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• 2011

Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the parenting stress with their children's characteristics for typically developing preschool children. Methods : Parents of 38 preschool children (mean age : 4.4${\pm}$0.7 years, 22 boys) completed the Korean Parenting Stress Index, the Korean Child Behavior Checklist, the Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scale-Abbreviated form (CPRS and CTRS), the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory, the Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire and the Social Responsiveness Scale. All 38 children performed the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT). Results : The children's inattentive and hyperactive problems, as measured by the CBCL, CPRS and CAT, had positive correlation with parenting stress. Both internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems were associated with parenting stress. Of the child's temperament dimensions, Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance were positively correlated with parenting stress, but Persistence and Cooperativeness were negatively correlated with parenting stress. Sleep anxiety and other sleep characteristics showed a correlation with parenting stress. Social Motivation and Communication were also positively related to parenting stress. Conclusion : Our results suggest that parenting stress could be related to the children's cognition, emotion, behavioral characteristics, sleep habits and social development. These results could assist in the development of interventions to improve the parental well-being in typically developing preschool children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of children's behavior problems and child-rearing stress to rejective parenting attitude in mothers. Methods: Study participants were 595 mothers who had children aged 3 to 5 who attended one of 10 kindergartens or infant schools in M or B Cities. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, CBCL (Child Behavior Check List), PARQ (Parenting Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire), and PSI (Parenting Stress Index Short Form by Abidin). Regression analysis was the statistical method used for data analysis. Results: The factors associated with rejective parenting attitude were child-rearing stress, birth order, mother's education, the major caregiver in the family, and the type of family. These factors explained 33.7% of rejective parenting attitude. Conclusion: The findings indicate a need to develop and provide parenting programs to reduce child-rearing stress in mothers.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.344-353
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with perceived health status of married immigrant women. Methods: Data were collected from 65 married immigrant women. The measurements were Symptom checklist-48, Acculturative Stress Scale, Parenting Stress Index(PSI), and Personal Resource Questionnaire(PQR). Descriptive, T-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were used. Results: There were significant differences in perceived health status according to satisfaction with the married life(F=8.819, p=0.000), and help from husband(F=6.308, p=.003). There was also a significant relationship between perceived health status and perceived economic status (F=8.006, p=.001), acculturative stress (r=.560, p<.01), parenting stress (r=.662, p<.01) and social support (r=-.289, p<.05). The result of multiple regression analysis showed a significant association of parenting stress with perceived health status of married immigrant women (${\beta}=0.397$, p=0.037). Conclusion: Comprehensive interventions designed to enhance the health of married immigrant women, including prevention of acculturative stress, parenting stress and improving social support may be helpful in mitigating health in married immigrant women.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2007

Purpose: As a result of dramatic advances in the medical and surgical management of congenital heart disease (CHD), many babies born with cardiac anomalies today can expect to reach adulthood. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parenting stress and personal resources of mothers of children with CHD. Method: Fifty-one mothers of children with CHD were recruited at the pediatric cardiac outpatient clinic from July 14th to September 25th 2006. Abidin's parenting stress index/short form (PSI/SF) and Brandt and Weinert's personal resource questionnaire (PRQ) were used. PSI has 3 sub-concepts; parental role distress, dysfunctional parent-child interaction, and difficult child. PRQ has 4 sub-concepts; intimacy, social integration, worth, and assistance. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 version. Results: Correlation analysis showed that parenting stress was significantly related to 'intimacy', 'social integration', and 'worth' of mothers. Multiple regression analysis showed that parenting stress was significantly related to personal resource of mother and information by internet. Conclusion: Mothers who felt they had supportive friends and family, high self esteem, and social integration reported lower parenting stress. Also, internet may be an effective method to provide information and share experience for mothers of children with CHD.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between parenting stress and depression in mothers of infants and verbal abuse. Methods: The data for this study was collected from 174 mothers of infants 12 to 48 months old who either used one of two pediatric clinics or one kindergarten. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, PSI (Parenting Stress Index Short Form by Abidin), BDI (Beck Depression Instrument) and Verbal Abuse Measure. Regression analysis was the statistical method used for data analysis. Results: The mean score for depression in the mothers was 14.7 (range: 2-35), for parenting stress, 81.86 (range: 44-142), and for verbal abuse, 37.9 (range: 25-79). There were significant positive correlations for depression, parenting stress and verbal abuse in the mothers. Significant factors influencing verbal abuse were child domain, parent-child domain. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that there is a need to design interventions and develop programs for depression management and parenting stress for mothers of infants between 12 and 48 months.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.178-184
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the effect of a group-based parent education program on parenting stress and attitude and comparing the same according to adult attachment styles. Methods: Twenty-two mothers who enrolled in the parent education program participated in our study. The participants filled in the Korean version of the Experience in Close Relationship Revised (ECR-R), Korean-Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (K-PSI-SF), Maternal Behavior Research Instrument (MBRI), and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) before and after the program. We compared the pre - and post-scores of the groups and compared the differences in effect according to adult attachment styles. Results: For all study participants, the Parent Distress (p=0.023) and Total Parenting Stress (p=0.018) significantly declined after the parent education program. There were no differences in other variables. Within the secure attachment group, the Total Parenting Stress (p=0.008), Parent Distress (p=0.015), and Difficult Child (p=0.011) scores in the K-PSI-SF significantly decreased after participating in the program. The Difficult Child scores (p=0.040) significantly dropped in the K-PSI-SF post program within the secure attachment group, compared to the insecure attachment group. Conclusion: The group-based parent education program impacted parenting stress. Depending on the adult attachment styles, the effect of the program varied.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of parenting stress on children's problematic behavior in multicultural families. The subjects were 143 mothers who are caring for their 3-6 year old children in multicultural families. Data was collected using a parenting stress index and a child behavior check list. The data were statistically analyzed using a t-test, a one-way ANOVA(Scheff'e test), a correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that there were no significant differences in parenting stress according to the socio-demographic variables. However, there were some significant differences in children's problematic behavior according to the mother's education. Correlation analysis indicated that the mother's parenting stress and children's problematic behavior in multicultural families had significant positive correlations in all sub-variables. It was also found that the mother's education, the mother's stress caused by a difficult child, the mother's stress caused by dysfuntional interactions between parents and children and educational distress, were all significant predictors of the preschool children's problematic behavior in multicultural families.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.221-230
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether parenting stress is related to anxiety in children with ADHD. The data were provided by 112 children between the ages of 7 and 9. Forty nine children with a diagnosis of ADHD were recruited through 3 departments of child psychiatry and 63 normal children were recruited from elementary schools from the same city. The Korean version of Parenting Stress Index-Short Form was used to assess parenting stress and the Korean version of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was used to assess the level of anxiety. The results show that children with ADHD have significantly higher levels of anxiety and parenting stress than normal children. However, no significant differences in parenting stress and anxiety were found across gender, age, and the type of ADHD. Significant correlation was found between trait anxiety and parental distress and between state anxiety and difficult child. Parenting stress didn't significantly influence on anxiety in children with ADHD. Occupational therapist need to consider that the anxiety level of children with ADHD is different from normal children. It is needed for interventions for children with anxiety symptoms and also consultation and intervention for parents with parenting stress.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a discharge education program on maternal role confidence and parenting stress of mothers who delivered premature infants. The program provided them with information on childrearing and supportive educational nursing care. Method: This study was based on pretest-posttest nonequivalent nonsynchronized quasi-experimental design. The participants in this study were 30 mothers who delivered premature infants at a general hospital in G city. The instruments used in this study were Maternity Confidence Inventory, Parenting Stress Index(PSI). Results: The first hypothesis that the mothers in the experimental group would undergo changes in maternal role confidence after the intervention was accepted, as there was a statistically significant gap between the two groups(F=9.386, P=.000). The second hypothesis that mothers in the experimental group would undergo change in parenting stress after the intervention was accepted, as there was a statistically significant gap between the two groups(F=4.425, P=.380). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the Discharge Education Program was an efficient intervention method to boost the maternal confidence of mothers with premature infants and to decrease their parenting stress.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this research, using descriptive correlation design was to identify the extent to which the mothers having children with rare genetic metabolic diseases(MPS, PWS) have parenting stress and guilt feeling. Method: This study used PSI /SF(Abidin, 1995) and Guilt Index as devised herein. From 156 mothers, data were collected from February to July 2006, using self-administered questionnaires. This study received the approval from IRB at S Hospital (IRB File No: 2006-02-014). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation. Results: Mothers felt very high level of parenting stress and sense of guilt. Parenting stress was related positively to guilt feeling. Conclusion: These findings could help understand the families of children with rare genetic metabolic diseases and those provide basic information in developing effective counseling and education programs for relief of parenting stress and guilt feeling. This study would be significant in the fact that it is the first research, targeting on the families of children with rare genetic metabolic diseases in Korea.