• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.454-463
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• 2024

Background: Panax quinquefolius L, widely recognized for its valuable contributions to medicine, has aroused considerable attention globally. Different from the extensive research has been dedicated to the root of P. quinquefolius, its berry has received relatively scant focus. Given its promising medicinal properties, this study was focused on the structural characterizations and anti-inflammatory potential of acidic polysaccharides from the P. quinquefolius berry. Materials and methods: P. quinquefolius berry was extracted with hot water, precipitated by alcohol, separated by DEAE-52-cellulose column to give a series of fractions. One of these fractions was further purified via Sephadex G-200 column to give three fractions. Then, the main fraction named as AGBP-A3 was characterized by methylation analysis, NMR spectroscopy, etc. Its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by RAW 264.7 cell model, zebrafish model and molecular docking. Results: The main chain comprised of α-L-Rhap, α-D-GalAp and β-D-Galp, while the branch consisted mainly of α-L-Araf, β-D-Glcp, α-D-GalAp, β-D-Galp. The RAW264.7 cell assay results showed that the inhibition rates against IL-6 and IL-1β secretion at the concentration of 625 ng/mL were 24.83 %, 11.84 %, while the inhibition rate against IL-10 secretion was 70.17 % at the concentration of 312 ng/mL. In the zebrafish assay, the migrating neutrophils were significantly reduced in number, and their migration to inflammatory tissues was inhibited. Molecular docking predictions correlated well with the results of the anti-inflammatory assay. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the structure of acidic polysaccharides of P. quinquefolius berry and their effect on inflammation, providing a reference for screening anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Large-scale cultures of plant cell, tissue, and organ have been achieved by using BTBB. When different sized BTBBs (5 L, 20 L, 100 L, 300 L, and 500 L) were tested for the culture of yew cells (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc.), cell growth increment reached to 94.5% in SCV after 24 days of culture with 30% of inoculation cell density. However, there were some variations in the production of taxol and its derivatives among the BTBBs of different size. Approximate 4 ㎎/l of taxol and 84 ㎎/l of total taxanes were obtained by using a 500L BTBB after 6 weeks of culture. With a 20L BTBB, about 20,000 cuttings of virus-free potatoes (cv. Dejima) could be obtained by inoculating 128 explants and maintaining 8 weeks under 16 hr light illumination. The frequency of ex vitro rooting of the cuttings revealed as more than 99% under 30% shade. By incorporating two-stage culture process consisting of multiple bulblet formation in solid medium and bulblet development in liquid medium, mass propagation of lily through bioreactor seemed to be possible. In the case of 'Marcopolo', the growth of mini-bulblets in BTBB was nearly 10 folds faster than that of the solid medium. Time course study revealed that maximum MAR yield of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in a 5 L and 20 L BTBB after 8 weeks of culture was 500 g and 2.2 ㎏, respectively. By cutting the MAR once and/or twice during the culture, the yield of root biomass could be increased more than 50% in fresh weight at the time of harvest. With initial inoculum of 500 g of sliced MAR in a 500 L BTBB, 74.8 ㎏ of adventitious root mass was obtained after 8 weeks of culture. The average content of total ginseng saponin obtained from small-scale and/or pilotscale BTBBs was approximately 1% per gram dry weight. Based on our results, we suggest that large-scale cultures of plant cell, tissue, and organ using BTBB system should be quite a feasible approach when compared with conventional method of tissue culture.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.46-46
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• 2019

The experiments were performed in the Jinan (elevation: 300 meters above sea level), Jeollabuk-do. Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng cultivar (Cheonpung, Yeonpung) were planted on April 10, 2015. Shading material of plastic film house was blue-white film. Before the Planting seedling, silicate (3 kg/10 a) or chitosan (40 kg/10 a) was fertilized and foliar sprayed on the leaves 1000 times dilution solution once a month from May to September every year. The growth results of 5-year old ginseng surveyed in 2018 are as follows. The average air temperature in the plastic film house was the highest at $26.6^{\circ}C$ and $26.5^{\circ}C$ in July and August, respectively, and the highest temperature was $40.5^{\circ}C$ in July. The maximum daily temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ or more was 30 days, with the average soil temperature being $24.9^{\circ}C$ in August. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH was 6.4~6.9 level and EC was 0.35~0.46 dS/m. The organic matter content was 33.5~41.4 g/kg, and available-P content was 251.9~306.8 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations contents, such as K, Ca and Mg were all the appropriate ranges. The soil microbial density surveyed by the dilution plate method was 10~50 times higher than that of control (Non-treatment) and actinomycete density was 3~6 times higher. Pathogens of the genus Fusarium by Metagenome analysis decreased 91.3% and 68.2% respectively in the foliar sprayed of chitosan and soluble-silicate. The light intensity (PAR) in the blue-white film plastic film house gradually increased until July and then decereased, with the average of light intensity in March-October was $120.3umol/m^2/s$. The growth of aerial parts such as plant height and stem length was better than non-sprayed group in silicate or chitosan treatments and Yeonpung cultivar was superior to the Cheonpung cultivar. The SPAD value was higher in Yeonpung cultivar foliar sprayed with soluble-silicate. The growth of underground parts such as root length and taproot length were better in chitosan and soluble-silicate treatment than control, especially in Yeonpung cultivar foliar sprayed with chitosan was good in taproot length and taproot diameter, and fresh weight of root was 60.1 g. Ginsenoside contents were 24.9 mg/g and 22.4 mg/g, in the Cheonpung cultivar foliar sprayed with soluble-silicate or chitosan respectively, 28% and 15% higher than control (19.5 mg/g). The incidence of disease by Alteraria panax and Botrytis cinerea was 3~9% and 4~9%, respectively. High temperature damage rate was 3~5%.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.439-444
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• 2009

This study was to set the guidelines of soil chemical components in order to assure the safety and quality of the panax ginseng from physiological disorder. The disorder symptoms appeared on the leaf with yellow spot, atrophy, yellow-brown spot, also showed red skin and rough skin of the root. Occurrence type of physiological disorder in cultivated field divided into two types : type I 'such as, yellow spot' consist of single disorder symptom; type II 'such as, yellow spot and yellow-brown spot' consist of two or more different disorder symptoms. The individual contribution of soil properties to the occurrence type was as follows ; The yellow spot was affected by Na > $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) in soil. The same results was observed in red skin. Atrophy was affected by $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg. Rough skin was affected by $P_2O_5$>pH>Organic material > K. It showed positive associated to $P_2O_5$, pH and K, but negative associated to organic matter. Simultaneous occurrence of two different disorder, including cases which yellow spot and yellow-brown spot, those were affected by $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Na > Mg. In the case of atrophy plus yellow-brown spot, those also were affected by in the order : $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg > Na. Red-rough skin was affected in the order : salinity (EC) > $NO_3$-N > K > Na. Soil chemical components appear to be related to occurrence of physiological disorder, particularly in salinity (EC) and $NO_3$-N. The salinity (EC) and $NO_3$-N were negative related to plant growth. In addition, exchangeable cation capacity play critical roles in attributing to complex occurrence of physiological disorder.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.256-267
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• 1987

포장상태에서 인삼생육의 최적광양을 알기 위하여 상대조도 5%(관행볏짚). 15 % 및 20 % (백색불섬포) 하에서 5년근 개체군의 재식위치별로 해가 림내 조도, 미기상, 광합성 및 호흡속도, 근수량등을 조사한 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 해가림 내 맑은날의 온도는 10~14시경에 상대조도 5 %구에 비해서 15%구가 2$^{\circ}C$, 20 %구가 3$^{\circ}C$정도 각각 높았으나 흐린날은 상대조도 처리간에 차이가 거의 없었다. 2. 해가림내 맑은날 상대습도는 10~14시경 상대조도 5%구에 비해서 15 %구가 5%, 20 %구가 8%정도 각각 낮았고, 흐린날은 차이가 근소하였다. 3. 해가림내 맑은날의 일중 조도는 10~15시경에 상대조도 5%구는 5,000 lux 미만이었으나 15%구는 15,000 lux, 20%구는 20,000 lux로 이논치와 비슷하였으나, 흐린날은 조도의 변화폭이 심하여 대개 상대조도 5%구는 3,0001ux 미만이었으나 15 % 및 20%고는 각각 10,000 lux, 15,000 lux 였다. 4. 포장하의 광합성속도는 맑은날의 경우 상대조도 15% 및 20%구가 5%구에 비해 현저히 빨랐고, 흐린날의 경우도 비슷하였다. 5. 일중 광합성 총양은 맑은날과 흐린날 공히 상대조도 15%구가 가장 높고 20%, 5% 순으로 높았으며. 맑은날이 흐린날보다 광합성량이 많았다. 행간 광합성량은 상대조도 15% 및 20%구는 비슷한 반면 5%구는 차이가 컸다. 6. 근중은 15%, 20%. 5% 순으로 상대조도 15%구가 가장 무거웠고 행간의 근중차이가 15%, 20%구는 비슷한 반면 5%구는 컸다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.170-180
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• 2018

Background: To obtain useful cosmetic resources, this study aimed to determine the non-saponin fatty acid and inhibitory activities of collagenase and elastase by treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in supercritical fluid extracted oil of the adventitious root culture of wild mountain ginseng. Methods and Results: We performed supercritical fluid extraction at various conditions such as pressure, temperature, time, and use of co-solvents, unlike the n-hexane extraction for the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. The non-saponin-fatty acid obtained from the oil of the adventitious roots culture was incresed by treatment with S. cerevisiae. The supercritical fluid extraction was conducted using gas chromatography. Non-saponin-fatty acid content, in the oil of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng treated with S. cerevisiae for 2 days were three times higher than that in the control. In addition, the oil of the adventitious roots culture treated with S. cerevisiae was investigated for the anti-wrinkle effect by using collagenase and elastase. The oil of adventitious roots culture treated with S. cerevisiae exhibited higher collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities than those in the control. Conclusions: Supercritical fluid extracted oil of the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng treated with S. cerevisiae was found to have decreased ratio of saturated fatty acids and incresed ratio and content of unsaturated fatty acids increased. Furthermore, it showed anti-wrinkle effects in vitro.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2009

본 시험은 인삼의 채종종자의 조직을 관찰하여 잠아의 실체를 조사하였고 묘삼의 잠아특성을 산지별로 조사하여 다경이 되는 잠아의 발달경로를 알아보았다. 그리고 묘삼을 본포에 이식하여 3 년생을 채굴하여 4 년생이 될 주아의 생성경로를 조사하였다. 묘삼의 주아는 발아종자의 경근천이부에서 피층조직이 융기하여 돔 (dome)형태의 원잠아 또는 측잠아가 형성된 후 이들 조직이 분화하여 발달하였다. 그리고 묘삼의 단뇌는 90%가 원잠아에서 유래하였으며 쌍뇌는 원잠아와 2 개의 측잠아 중 1 개가 발달되어 형성되었으며 3 뇌는 원잠아와 측잠아 2 개가 발달하여 형성되었다. 본포에서 2 년생과 3 년생은 주아가 단뇌로 형성되어 있어 2 경 개체가 발생하지 않으나 4 년생은 3 년생에서 발달한 쌍뇌 이상의 주아가 있어 2 경 개체이상이 관찰되는 최초의 연생이었다. 4년생의 주아는 종자에서 형성된 원잠아, 측잠아와 2-3년생에서 뇌두부위에서 형성된 피층잠아에서 유래하는 것으로 고년생으로 갈수록 쌍뇌 또는 3뇌는 원잠아에 비해 피층잠아 유래의 주아가 많았다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2012

본 연구는 $CO_2$농도와 온도가 상승함에 따라 인삼의 생육반응 및 광합성 특성의 변화를 알아보기 위해 실험하였다. 유리 온실 안에 대조구(대기중 $CO_2$ 농도)와 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구(750-800 ppm, $2^{\circ}C$ 상승)로 나누어 비교하였으며 다음과 같다. 1. 인삼의 개엽율은 1년생 인삼을 이식한 후 1주일 이후인 4월 6일에 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구의 개엽율이 대조구보다 더 높았다. 그러나 최종 개엽율은 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 2. 꽃이 나오는 시기는 대조구보다 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구가 3일 빨랐고, 열매관찰시기와 열매 성숙시기는 대조구와 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 3. 인삼의 줄기길이는 대조구보다 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구에서 길었고, 잎수는 대조구보다 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구에서 많았다. 4. 지하부 생량무게는 대조구와 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 5. 광합성은 모두 대조구보다 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구가 높았다. 대조구 내에서는 년도별 광합성이 차이가 있었다. 하지만 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구에는 1년생과 2년생 간 차이가 없었다. 6. 증산률은 대조구와 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구에서 모두 년생간 차이가 있었다. 1년생은 대조구보다 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구가 높았고, 2년생은 대조구와 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었다. 7. 수분이용효율은 대조구와 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구에서 모두 1년생과 2년생간 차이가 있었다. 1년생은 대조구와 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구간 차이가 없었고, 2년생은 대조구 보다 $CO_2$ + 온도상승구가 높았다. 이상으로 볼 때 지구온난화는 인삼의 생육과 생리 생태학적 반응에 다소 긍정적인 영향을 준다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.134-143
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• 2017

Background: The prevalence of allergic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma, and allergic rhinitis worldwide has increased and complete recovery is difficult. Korean Red Ginseng, which is the heat-processed root of Panax ginseng Meyer, is widely and frequently used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. In this study, we investigated whether Korean Red Ginseng water extract (RGE) regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines via the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) pathway in allergic inflammation. Methods: Compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB)-induced AD-like skin lesion mice models were used to investigate the antiallergic effects of RGE. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and human mast cells (HMC-1) were also used to clarify the effects of RGE on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Results: Anaphylactic shock and DNFB-induced AD-like skin lesions were attenuated by RGE administration through reduction of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in mouse models. RGE also reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines including $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-8, and expression of chemokines such as IL-8, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in HaCaT cells. Additionally, RGE decreased the release of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as expressions of chemokines including macro-phage inflammatory protein $(MIP)-1{\alpha}$, $MIP-1{\beta}$, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and IL-8 in HMC-1 cells. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that these inhibitory effects occurred through blockage of the MAPK and $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway. Conclusion: RGE may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases such as AD-like dermatitis.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.504-509
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• 2015

본 연구는 예정지에서 재배한 녹비작물과 해가림자재가 인삼의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실험하였던 바, 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 흑2+청2(TBTBPN) 해가림에서의 인삼 엽폭은 호밀과 헤어리베치 재배구가 좋았고, 흑1+청3(TBOBPN) 재배구의 엽장은 보리와 헤어리베치 재배구가, 엽폭은 헤어리베치 재배구에서 생육이 좋았으며, 차광지(BPS) 재배에서 엽장은 보리와 보리+헤어리베치 재배구에서 생육이 좋았지만 경장은 다른 해가림자재에 비해 감소된 결과를 보였다. 2. 인삼 근중은 흑2+청2(TBTBPN) 해가림 처리는 호밀과 헤어리베치 재배구에서, 흑1청3(TBOBPN) 해가림에서는 호밀과 보리+헤어리베치 재배구에서 생육이 좋았지만, 차광지(BPS) 해가림에서는 녹비종류별 큰 차이는 없었다. 3. 뿌리썩음병 발생율은 흑2+청2 해가림 처리는 보리재배구가 10.2%로 높았으며, 흑1+청3 해가림처리는 헤어리베치 재배구에서 23.1%로 높았으나, 호밀재배구는 해가림 자재에 관계없이 뿌리썩음병 발생율이 가장 적었다. 4. 흑2청2 해가림 처리의 ginsenoside 함량은 호밀재배구가 가장 높았고, 흑1+청3 재배구에서는 보리재배구가 높았으며, 차광지 재배구는 호밀재배구가 높았다.