• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.59-79
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• 2006

The architectural characteristics and historical positioning which the historical architecture will be understood better through collecting results from researches which was done on various points of views and positions. Therefore, a study on the layout of the main palace of Goryeo Dynasty also becomes a prerequisite for understanding the architectural characteristics and historical positioning which it possesses. However, the reality is that as the results from the excavation and preceding researches were not integrated together, the understanding of the layout of main palace is remaining on a partial and conceptual level. Therefore, this paper attempted to review in overall the restoration of the layout of the main palace of Goryeo Dynasty using historical documents, precedent researches, excavation maps, topographical map and cadastral maps. Consequently, it was possible to confirm the name of some of the ruins and restore the location and layout of other buildings. The result of this research presented above, will become a basis for understanding the layout of the main palace of Goryeo Dynasty in more realistic and way. Furthermore, it could be used as a fundamental data for related researches.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.455-469
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• 2011

The Chugudae is a pedestal for the Chugugi. While many Chugudae were made during the Joseon Dynasty period, seven remained in existence until the early 20th century. Only five of them remain to this day-Gwansanggam (Royal Office of Astronomy and Meteorology), the Seonhwadang in Daegu, the Changdeok Palace, Tongyeong, and Yeongyeongdang. The Changdeok Palace Chugudae is the only existing model made not only as a meteorological instrument but also as a memorial statue. It has been a challenge to decipher 41 of the 368 characters in 'Chugugi-myeong (The title of the inscriptions on the Changdeok Palace Chugudae)' as these had been eroded. However, the interpretation of the full text of 'Chugugi-myeong' became possible thanks to the "Cheoljae Jinjeok (澈齋眞蹟)" which was discovered through this study. The key sentences of the 'Chugugi-myeong' include the reason for creation, the size and functions of the Chugugi and a eulogy to the reigns of King Sejong, Youngjo and Jeongjo. Moreover, its splendid design is worthy of further study. To conclude its true meaning and value, the Changdeok Palace Chugudae requires a more extensive investigation from the viewpoint of an art history.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2014

This study analyzes the architectural characteristics of Godin's Social Palace system of ideal housing for laborers during the 19th century. Utopian socialists in the first half of the 19th century proposed different solutions to reform their chaotic capitalist society, in response to the maladies of the Industrial Revolution. Fourier designed an ideal housing referred to as the Phalanstere, in which residences coexisted in a cooperative society. His disciples tried in vain to make this ideal housing system real. The only realization of this type of ideal housing was called Godin's Social Palace, which was constructed in Guise, France. The main architectural characteristics of Godin's Social Palace are as follows: dwelling units in consideration of function and expansion are applied basically in the housing. Further, a natural ventilation system is applied between housing and courtyard, and water supply is established in the housing. In Particular, natural lighting and artificial illumination are used in the entire building appropriately. In addition, a device which promotes a community between inhabitants is established. As for such modern facilities and social devices, inhabitants were able to live a more comfortable life. Hence, it is confirmed to have been one of the important factors for sustaining the Social Palace for more than 100 years.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.63-79
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to understand the architectural space of Gwolnaegaksa (闕內各司), the Government office in the palace, in the early Joseon Dynasty. The Royal palace can be divided into three parts, political space for king, living space for king and his family and government office. So first, we should to understand the characteristics of each space in the Royal Palace. Up to now we have looked at the architectural space of Gwolnaegaksa in Gyeongbokgung (景福宮), one of the Royal Palace, the result of this study is as followings. There were not many Gwolnaegaksas in the early days in Gyeongbokgung. After King Sejong, some office buildings were established in that palace. King's closest guards, like as Seonjeonkwan (宣傳官), Gyumsabok (兼司僕), Naegeumwi (內禁衛) had been on duty in Sajeongjeon Haengrang (思政殿 行廊), a kind of servants' quarters. Bincheong (賓廳), a conference room of high-ranking government officials was situated in Geungjeon Haengrang (勤政殿 行廊). There were also barracks of other palace guards in Geungjeon Haengrang. Gyeongyeoncheong (經筵廳), a place to prepare and wait, was built separately from Geungjeon Haengrang Layout drawings of Gyeongbokgung painted since the 18th century were different from document in some parts. The arrangement of the Gwolnaegaksa was assumed like as the Fig. 9.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.56-71
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the construction background of multi-functional vacant grounds in the rear gardens of Kyeongbok Palace and Kyeongun Palace, by understanding the building history of multi-functional vacant ground during the Joseon Dynasty with a special reference to the places formed in the period of King Kojong. The multi-functional vacant grounds in the Palace were the important element from the political aspect of Joseon Dynasty, and became an infrastructure of a state - run organization. The vacant space between Kwangyeonlu(廣延樓) and Haeonjeong, the whole region of Yeolmujeong(閱武亭), Seochongdae(瑞蔥臺), and Chundangdae(春塘臺) were investigated as the multi-functional places, where the events were held for the royal family in the Changdeok Palace after the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty. Various events such as the archery competition, official examination and military training were held at the places. After the inauguration of King Kojong, Kyeongmudae(京武臺) was made in the process of the reconstruction of the Kyeongbok Palace. The Kyeonghee Palace was used as the off-palace rear garden after the year that King Kojong returned to the Kyeongun Palace. The characteristics of two spaces were to apply the space organization of the Changdeok Palace into the rear garden outside of Sinmumun(神武門), Kyeongmudae at Kyeongbok Palace and the pedestrian overpass was established to connect the spaces efficiently in Kyeonghee Palace. Especially, the multi-functional vacant ground in the rear garden during the period of King Kojong functioned as the place to show off the internal and external independence of a nation and to show the authority and dignity of King at the point of time that accelerated the plundering Joseon Dynasty by Japanese imperialism powers, beyond the meaning of national event space that had existed before, such as official examination or archery test. In addition, the fact that the multi-functional vacant ground used as training place for military exercise where many people were mobilized was considered to reflect the contemporary situation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.94-108
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• 2023

Onyanghaenggung Palace(temporary palace at Onyang) is an important cultural heritage that can substantially confirm the king's onhaeng(溫行) base on literature records such as <Ongungyeonggoedae(溫宮靈槐臺)>, <Oncheonhaenggungdo(溫泉行宮圖)> of 『Ongungsasil(溫宮事實)』『, Younggoedaegi(靈槐臺記)』and cultural property such as Yeonggoedae(靈槐臺) and Shinjeong Monument(神井碑). As the Onyang Tourist Hotel is located in the presumed site of the Onyanghaenggung Palace, even the identity of the Onyanghaenggung Palace site is being threatened without restoration efforts. The purpose of this study is to estimate the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace based on <Oncheonhaenggungdo> before the damages during the Japanese colonial period. To achieve these purposes, records related to Onhaeng during successive kings' terms in the Joseon Dynasty are first reviewed, before changes in the architecture of Onyanghaenggung Palace that took place in the Joseon Dynasty and damage suffered during the Japanese colonial period are summarized, and finally <Oncheonhaenggungdo>, <Eupji>, <Ancient Maps>, <Jijeokwondo> are reviewed. Based on these processes, the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace is estimated by comparing the current Onyang Tourist Hotel and the surrounding area. The results of this study are as follows. First, if the 1,758 cheok(尺) of 「Onyanggun eupji」 and 「Hoseo eupji」 are converted in Jucheok(周尺), the scope of Onyanghaenggung Palace is close to the inner circumference of the site(垈) in Jijeokwondo(1914). Second, the streamlet leading to Oncheoncheon(溫泉川) from the southern side of Onyanggwan(溫陽館), the hot spring hole in use of <Distribution Map of Hot Spring(溫泉分布見取圖)>(1925, 1928), and considering the relationship of the inner east gate(內東門), Bigak(碑閣), Sinjeong(神井) of <Oncheonhaenggungdo>, the building of Hermann Gustav Theodor Sander and the Copyright Commission's Onyang Hot Springs photograph can be estimated as the Onyanghaenggung Palace Hot-spring, namely Tangsil(湯室). Third, in the process of developing to amusement park, the transfer and relocation of the Yeonggaedae site(a governmentowned property) was requested by Gyeongnam Railway Company, but Chungcheongnam-do denied transfer and relocation of the Yeonggaedae because of the importance in the history of Onyang Hot Springs, so the government-owned Yeonggaedae Monument site were permanently preserved at the current location together with the hoe tree(Sophora japonica L.). Also, Yeonggoedae in <Tourists Attractions around Gyeongnam Railway in Joseon (朝鮮京南鐵道沿線名所交通図絵)> (1929) is shown to exist in its current location, and it can be seen that the Shinjeong Monument Pavilion was moved to the front of Shinjeonggwan (神井館). Based on the circumference of Onyanghaenggung Palace, the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace Hot Spring (Tangsil) and Yeonggaedae Monument Pavilion, changes in roads and lots of land during the Japanese colonial period and the modern period, as well as the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace and other major buildings, can be estimated to extend to the current Shimin-ro and Onyang Hot Spring Market.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.191-212
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• 1997

The environmental interpretation in historic sites will be considered as an important management strategy for improving the understanding of users of natural and cultural resources which surround them. The purpose of this study was to survey on the status and visitor's awareness of environmental interpretation in historic sites. This study was carried out through the review of literature, the questionnaire to 487 visitors who visited 14 historic sites including palace, royal tomb, and others(Kyongbok Palace, Changdok Palace, Changgyong Palace, Toksu Palace, Unhyon Palace, Donggunung, Soonung, Honinung, Sonjongnung, Yongnung, Chongmyo shrine, Sajik Park, Suwon Castle, Namhan Mountain Castle) at October 26th, 27th in 1996, the field survey of 14 historic sites, and the interview. The results derived from this study were as follows; First, the environmental interpretation of the historic sites that were carried out this research were mainly the signs, interpretive publications, but Changdok Palace(the Secret Garden)have been only implemented the environmental interpretation by guide. Generally, the techniques of environmental interpretation in historic sites were not various, and environmental interpretation for visitor were not implemented effectively. Second, from the questionnaire analysis, visitors who visited 14 historic sites were not concerned with signs being used as typical environmental interpretation media in historic sites, but they were satisfied with the accessibility and location of signs relatively. Also they were more satisfied with the number, graphic, and color of signs than the others. Third, according to the results of satisfaction analysis through re-grouping question item about signs, visitors were the most satisfied with the accessibility of signs, but were not the most satisfied with the design of signs. There were significantly different to the satisfaction about the design and management of signs and comprehensive satisfaction of signs by age group. This results suggested that new environmental interpretation media should be planned and designed in consideration of desire and need by age group. Fourth, it was studied that visitors had not experience of various environmental interpretation. and most visitors agreed to the necessity of introducing diverse environmental interpretation and improving environmental interpretation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2001

We have increasing number of new ponds planned and designed in traditional styles. However, many of the stoneworks at the edges of those new ponds are not the characteristics of our traditional ponds. This study is aiming at surveying and analysing the building techniques of Korean traditional water edges built with stones, by investigating selected ponds in royal palace gardens. This study was conducted through field investigation and literature reviews. Nine ponds from Gyongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, and Changgyong Palace, which have many well-preserved ponds of various styles, were surveyed. First of all, the building materials (stones), or the kinds and sizes of stones used for the edges of ponds were surveyed. Secondly, construction methods, or the height and techniques of buildings stone walls were surveyed. Major findings were, first, the edges of most ponds constructed with granite Jangdaeseok, usually 120cm-140cm long, and 30cm-40cm thick. The only exceptions were those ponds which seemed to have been influenced by Japanese style. Second, typical pond ages were up-right vertical walls. Granite jangdaeseoks were piled-up 2 stories or up to six stories. Exceptions were Bandoji Pond and Chundangji Pond which had been constructed during latest period(King 'Ghojong' period). Third, heith of stone walls were between 60cm and 220cm. The depth of ponds were about 150cm or less, and the rest of the edge wall height was freeboard. Though the results of this study was not made by precise investigation and actual measurement, they could be fundamental information and data for the traditional styles of the Chosun dynasty Palace. It is believed that continuous researches on this matter will result in important and fundamental data of the establishment of traditional water edges.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.71-89
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• 2011

This study was carried out to get the exact information of the physical structures and humanistic landscapes to restore the prototype of the rear garden at Changkyung Palace. In this study, various drawings and historical documents such as Donggwoldo(東闕圖) and Joseonwangzosilok(朝鮮王朝實錄) were analysed. The innate characteristics and identity being inherent of rear garden of Changkyung Palace were tried to match the presence of acting to the specific places. The rear garden at Changkyung Palace was not only the secret garden for the rest of royal family and private life for king and queens but also used as public space for the various ceremonies. At the beginning of building, the rear garden at Changkyung Palace was built for the farming and sericulture of royal family. Since then, various events were held in this place such as archery, military drill and royal plowing and meeting with vassals which were political activities. At the rear garden of Changkyung Palace, Chundangdae(春塘臺), Kwanfunggak(觀豊閣) and Kwandukjung(觀德亭) were the base of specific activities. Also function, use, form, structure, planting and water elements were related organically in these areas.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.69-80
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• 2022

This study explains details on Heungbokjeon during the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace in the 19th century for the first time in 273 years. Hence, the construction of a palace with more than 7,000 Kan(間) made possible in a short stretch of time. Given the fact that its existing architecture was recycled. The antecedent of Heungbokjeon(興福殿) was the Hamiljae(咸一齋) of Changuiggung(彰義宮) which served as the residence of King Yeongjo before he was enthroned. On the other hand, the Changuigung was the outset of Inpyeongwi-gung(寅平尉宮), which was built for the princesses. During the reign of King Hyojong the princess who got married must depart from the Inpyeongwi-gung. This study corroborated the undertaking of modification of its architecture frombeing asymmetrical house to symmetrical most primarily the inner part of the palace through the innovation of Changui-gung and the restoration of Hamijae to Heungbokjeon. Hence, it was confirmed that the Heungbokjeon was the only inner part of the palace that was not burned down by the 2 consecutive fires during the reign of King Gojong, to be more specific these fire happend on his 10th and 13th year of rule. Consequently, the research process of Gyeongbokgung Heungbokjeon can escalate the possibility of considering not only the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung in the 19th century, as well as the construction of the capital city in the 17th century.