• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.309-322
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• 2000

This study was conducted to find out the relationship among several variables such as health status, self-efficacy, health related hardiness, family support and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects were 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who visited the out patient department of Rheumatism at E university hospital in Teajon. Data were collected by questionnaire from November 26, 1999 to January 14, 2000. The instrument used in this study were health status developed by Bae et al(1998), self-efficacy scale developed by KRHPS, health related hardiness modified by Suh(1988), family support scale developed by Kang(1984), Pain with graphic rating scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, multiple regression using the SPSS Win program. The results were as follows; 1. There were no statistically significant differences between general characteristics and variables such as health status, self-efficacy, health related hardiness and family support respectively. 2. Statistically significant differences were not found between clinical characteristic and variables such as health status, self-efficacy, health related hardiness and family support respectively. 3. Significant correlations were found between health status and self-efficacy, self-efficacy and hardiness, hardiness and family support, health status and pain, self-efficacy and pain respectively(p<0.01), and health status and hardiness, self-efficacy and family support, hardiness and pain respectively(p<0.05). 4. Self-efficacy and pain were significant affecting factors of a health status. In these results, it is suggested that nursing intervention to increase self-efficacy and to reduce pain was very important for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.194-208
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• 1996

Many arthritis patients experience physical and psychological impairments. Two hundred and three patients were examined to identify the relationships between the variables such as pain, ADL depression, self-efficacy and the effect of self-efficacy on pain, ADL and depression. It was found that ADL is significantly negatively related to depression and pain, and positively related to self-efficacy. Pain was significantly negatively related to self-efficacy, and positively related to depression and ADL. Then stepwise multiple regression was performed to Identify the variables to predict ADL, pain and depression. Self-efficacy predicted negatively depression and positively ADL. Depression predicted positively pain. So it was revealed that self-efficacy decreased pain indirectly by influencing depression. Also Pain predicted negatively ADL. ADL was predicted directly by pain and self-efficacy. So it is suggented that nursing intervention improving self-efficacy would be useful for patients with depression, pain, and ADL limitation. Moreover, these subjects gained 44 score in depression which means severe depressed state. So it is very important to implement nursing intervention to increase self-efficacy. Recommendations for future research was suggested.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2004

Purpose: this study was to examine the differences of the level of pain, depression and self-efficacy according to the classifications of pain among chronic pain patients. Method: The data were collected by means of self-reported questionnaire from 164 patients with chronic pain visited in one university hospital and one local pain clinic in Busan, from October 7 to November 16, 2002. Analysis was done by ANOVA, and Scheffe test using SPSS program. Result: The subjects were divided into five classifications of chronic pain : 26.2% low back and extremity pain, 23.2% neck, shoulder and upper extremity pain, 19.5% postherpetic neuralgia, 15.9% complex regional pain syndrome and 15.2% peripheral neuralgia. There were significant differences in pain (p=.000), depression (p=.000) and self-efficacy (p=.003) according to the 5 kinds of chronic pain. With the results of the Scheffe test, the patients with peripheral neuralgia experienced pain and depression higher than those with the other kinds of chronic pain. The patients with neck, shoulder and upper extremity pain experienced self-efficacy higher than those with peripheral neuralgia. Conclusion: Chronic pain patients should be provided effective individualized intervention depending on the classifications of chronic pain. Therefore the development of interventions for pain management according to the classifications of pain in chronic pain patients is needed.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify differences of BMI, pain, depression, self-esteem and self-efficacy between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. Method: The study subjects were 135 persons having chronic arthritis at rheumatology clinic and the department of orthopedic surgery of the C university hospital in D city. The data were collected from February 19th to April 7th, 2003. The data analysis consisted of $X^{2}-test$, t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and multiple regression using SPSSWIN 10.0 program. Result: 1. There were significant differences in age(p=0.000), occupation(p=0.015), marriage(p=0.028), duration of illness(p=0.000), BMI(p=0.006) and Self-efficacy(p=0.017) between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. 2. In rheumatoid arthritis, the BMI and self-esteem(r=-0.239, p=0.05) were significantly correlated and also pain and self-esteem(r=-0.402, p=0.01), pain and self-efficacy(r=-0.455, p=0.01) were significantly negatively correlated. The self-esteem and depression(r=-0.622, p=0.01), self-efficacy and depression(r=-0.729, p=0.01) were significantly negatively correlated and also pain and depression(r=0.432, p=0.01), self-esteem and self-efficacy(r=-0.476, p=0.01) were significantly positively correlated. In osteoarthritis, the pain and self-esteem(r=-0.225, p=0.01) were significantly negatively correlated and also pain and self-efficacy(r=-0.493, p=0.01), self-esteem and depression(r=-0.692, p=0.01), self-efficacy and depression(r=-0.566, p=0.01) were significantly negatively correlated. The pain and depression(r=0.290, p=0.05), self-esteem and self-efficacy(r=0.383, p=0.01) were significantly positively correlated. 3. The factors influenced by the self-efficacy, the depression and age in rheumatoid arthritis explained 56.2%, the depression and pain in osteoarthritis explained 43.9%. The factors influenced by the BMI, the self-esteem in rheumatoid arthritis explained 5.7%, but there was no significantly variable in osteoarthritis. Conclusion: The results support the importance of different nursing intervention focused on BMI and self-efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. There is a need for further studies to identify relation of variables in different diseases related to arthritis.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.508-516
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of electric stimulation therapy on chronic knee pain, exercise self-efficacy, and quality of life in Korean elderly women. Methods: The design was an unequivalent control pretest-posttest study. Samples were total of 60 (experimental: 30, control: 30) elderly women with healthy cognitive and communication abilities aged 65 years old and above. The experimental treatment involved was the electric stimulation of both thigh quadriceps muscles for 15 minutes per treatment, 3times per a week, for a total of 12 weeks. Measurements taken were S-F MPQ and AIMS for chronic knee pain, exercise self-efficacy measurement for exercise self-efficacy, and S-F 36 scale for quality of life. Data were analyzed using SPSS PC+ 12. Results: Chronic knee pain according to the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (t=43.563, p=.000) and Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (t=31.364, p=.000) were significantly decreased in the experimental group by the application of electrical stimulation therapy. Exercise self-efficacy (t=107.116, p=.000) and quality of life (t=76.429, p=.000) were significantly increased in the experimental group by the application of electrical stimulation therapy. Conclusion: Electrical stimulation therapy could be a more effective primary nursing intervention in decreasing chronic knee pain, and on increasing exercise self-efficacy and quality of life for Korean elderly women.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.111-124
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of pain, self-esteem, perceived health status, and self-efficacy and its influencing factors in patients with chronic arthritis. The data were obtained from 104 patients with chronic arthritis registered in one university hospital in Seoul, from May to August, 2000. For analysing the data, SAS program was used for t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. The variables which showed significant difference with pain were sex, number of painful joints. 2. The variables which showed significant difference with perceived health status were age, diagnosis. number of painful joints. 3. The variables which showed significant difference with self-efficacy were duration of disease, number of painful joints. quality of sleeping. 4. Moderate negative correlation were observed between pain and perceived health status, self-efficacy, and low positive correlation was observed between self-esteem and perceived health status. Also self-esteem revealed moderate positive correlation with self-efficacy, and moderate positive correlation was observed perceived health status and self-efficacy. 5. The predictors to explain self-efficacy were number of painful joints, self-esteem, duration of disease, duration of exercise and pain. These predictors explained $36.05\%$ of variance of self-efficacy. In conclusion, the nursing intervention to improve self-efficacy for chronic arthritis patients focused not only physiological symptoms such as pain. but also psychosocial factors such as self-esteem.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2016

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to explore knowledge, barriers, and self-efficacy in relation to pain management practice, and to identify factors influencing pain management practice in pediatric nurses. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were 237 pediatric nurses from a metropolitan city. Data were analyzed using t-test or analysis of variance and Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses. Results: The mean percentage of correct answers on the children's pain management knowledge scale was 58.8%. Child and parent related factors were the main barriers for pain management. Self-efficacy to assess children's pain across developmental stages was particularly low. Pain management practices for assessing pain and non-pharmacological interventions were relatively low. Factors significantly affecting children's pain management practice were current conditions of work department and self-efficacy in pain management, and these factors accounted for 37.5% of the variance in pain management practice. Conclusion: The results suggest that an integrative education program needs to be developed to improve self-efficacy in children's pain management practice. Moreover, good communication, building cooperative relationships with children and parents, and a more active role by pediatric nurses are required to carry out more effective pain management.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

This study was designed to examine the relationship between clinical symptoms, self-efficacy, and performance of women with osteoarthritis. It is a survey study of 60 women who were diagnosed as osteoarthritis and given medical treatments from September, 2005 to October, 2005 in hospital 'H' located in Yongin-si. For clinical symptoms, radiographs of the subjects' knees were taken and evaluated the pathology grade by the Kellgren-Lawrence grade. Pain and stiffness was measured by the measure of WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), and functional reach test was measured in order to examine balancing abilities. Self-efficacy was measured by a tool which has revised the ASES (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale), and performance was measured by recording the difficulty of the WOMAC measurements themselves, and the time taken for 20 m walking, going up and down 9 stairs, and 5 sit-down and stand-up repetitions. The resulting differences in the other variables according to performance and the relationship between performance with variables are the following. First, an increase in pain in women with osteoarthritis led to decreased functional ability. Second, an increase in stiffness in women with osteoarthritis led to a decrease in functional ability. Third, a decrease in balance in women with osteoarthritis led to a decrease in functional ability. Fourth, a decrease in self-efficacy in women with osteoarthritis led to a decrease in functional ability. Fifth, the variables for estimating the performance by self-report were pain and self-efficacy. The variables for estimating the performance by recording the time taken was balance and self-efficacy. As a result factors such as pain, balance and self-efficacy in women with osteoarthritis were closely related to performance. Based on the results, it seems that physical therapy programs to decrease pain and to increase the balance in women with osteoarthritis, and psychological approaches to increasing self-efficacy are needed. I hope that the results of this study will be useful data for clinical management and intervention for women with osteoarthritis.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Tai Chi exercise program on physical fitness, pain, and self-efficacy in patients with osteoarthritis. Method: A preexperimental research design was applied to 22 subjects who dwelled at a welfare institution in C-city and agreed to participate in this study. The Tai Chi exercise was conducted with a duration of 60 minutes per session twice a week for 9 weeks. Outcome measures were physical fitness($VO_{2}max$, strength, flexibility, foot power, agility, balance), pain, and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and paired t-test. Result: After participating in the Tai Chi exercise program, the subjects showed significant improvements in strength, agility, balance, pain and self-efficacy. But there were no significant differences in $VO_{2}max$, flexibility and foot power. Conclusion: The results showed that Tai Chi exercise would partially improve physical fitness and be effective for pain reduction and self efficacy as well. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among the health promoting behavior, pain, self-esteem, family support, self-efficacy in patients with chronic arthritis. Method: The data for this study were collected from February 19, 2003 to April 7, 2003. The subjects were 150 chronic arthritis patients who visited University Hospital in D City. The research instruments used in this study were HPLP II, Visual analogue scale, Self-esteem scale, Family support scale, Self-efficacy scale. In data analysis, SPSS PC ver 10.0 program was utilized and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test, ANOVA, Multiple Stepwise Regression and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Result: The average score of the pain, self-esteem, family support, self-efficacy, health promoting behavior was 5.38, 3.37, 4.29, 70.30, 2.68, respectively and the variable with the highest degree of it's subscale was interpersonal support(3.08), whereas the one with the lowest degree was exercise(1.66). There was a positive correlation(r=.327, p=.000) between the self-esteem and health promoting behavior. There was a positive correlation(r=.540, p=.000) between the family support and the self-efficacy and health promoting behavior. Family support, self-efficacy and marital status were significant factors to explain a variance of health promoting behavior in patients with chronic arthritis(51.6%). health promoting behavior. There was a positive correlation(r=.477, p= .000) between Conclusion: The health promoting behavior were positively correlated with self-esteem, family support and self-efficacy. These findings help to understand relationships among self-esteem, family support and self-efficacy in chronic arthritis patients. In addition, family support, self-efficacy and marital status were the mainly influencing factors of health promoting behavior. Among these variables family support was the most significant factor to predict a health promoting behavior. According to the results of this study, family support must be considered as a main factor in the nursing strategy for health promoting behavior of chronic arthritis patients.