• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 1999

The genetic relationships among six Cordyceps spp. were investigated based on internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA .A portion of the these genes was amplified by PCR. Approximately 590 base pairs were successfully amplified, cloned, sequenced, compared. The nucleotide sequence of the six amplified fragments were aligned by the clustal W program. As a result, Cordyceps militaris shared 87, 96, 98, 90 and 97% sequences homology with Paecilomyces japonica, Paecilomyces sp. J300, Paeciomyces farinosa. Paecilomyces sp. J500 and Cordyceps sinensis, respectively. Paecilomyces japonica also shared 87, 88, 92 and 87% sequence similarity with Paecilomyces sp. J300, Paecilomyces farinosa, Paecilomyces sp. J500 and Cordyceps sinensis, repectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.180-184
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• 2011

This study was carried out to identify the genetic characteristics among isolates of Paecilomyces spp.and Cordyceps spp. by URP-PCR analysis. Twenty URP (universal rice primer) primers of 20 mer which were designed from repetitive sequence of rice, were used for producing PCR DNA fingerprints of the mushrooms. Of them, 5 URP primers, URP2F, URP2R, URP9F, URP4R, and URP17R amplified genomic DNA of the mushrooms with polymorphic PCR patterns. On isolates of Cordyceps militaris, primers URP1F, URP2R, URP6R and URP17R produced PCR polymorphic bands of 4 types. Isolates of Cordypces sp. that are isolated from different area of Korea were identical to isolate of C. militaris, while other species of Cordypces were different to the PCR profiles. However, the URP primers did not identify the polymorphism of PCR profile on isolates of P. japonica.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.36-39
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• 1984

The present survey was undertaken to determine the mycoflora of broiler houses. Attempts were made to isolate and identify fungi in the dust, feed, litter and water from 21 broiler houses. A total of 166 isolates of fungi was identified as yeast spp. (44%), Aspergillus spp. (30.7%), Verticillium spp. (7.2%), Penicillium spp. (3.6%), Paecilomyces spp. (3.6%), Scopulariopsis spp. (3.0%), Cephalosporium spp. (3.0%), Chrysosporium spp. (2.4%), Cladosporium spp. (1.8%) and Absidia spp. (0.6%). Isolated of Aspergillus(A) spp. and Penicillium(P) spp. were identified as A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. nidulans, A. niger, P. citrinum and P. palitan. Fungal contamination of the broiler houses predominated in the dust. The important point is that must of the isolates were pathogenic fungi.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.368-372
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• 1995

To develop a microbial pesticide for the control of pine gall midges. Thecodiplosis japonensis, entomopathogenc fungi were isolated from 233 soil samples in the damaged region of Thecodiplosis japonenesis, and identified with Beauveria spp. 29 strains and Paecilomyces spp. 2 strains. The morphology of entomopathogenic fungi was observed by scanning electron miroscope. In addition, the toxicity of entomopathogenic fungi was observed by scanning electron microscope. In addition, the toxicity of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from soil samples was determined by bioassay against Thecodiplosis japonensis larvae. The result showed that toxicity of relatively pathogenic strains, Beauveria spp. SFB-168-2 was 82.9%, suggesting that Beauveria spp. SFB-168-2 is effective entomopathogenic fungi for the control of pine gall midges.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.77-80
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• 2004

For the development of the alternative control system against the major forest pests, Beauveria spp. F-101, isolated from a dead larva of Thecodiplosis japonensis, was selected because this isolate showed high pathogenicities against T. japonensis and Acantholyda parki. Beauveria spp. F-101 had irregular clustered conidio-phores and conidia borne on a distinctive apical zigzag extension, and it showed typical characteristic of the genus, Beauveria in morphology. For molecular based-identification, the ribosomal ITS region of Beauveria spp. F-101 was amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers, and cloned into pGEM- T Easy vector. The amplified PCR product was 569 bp in size and completely sequenced. The similarities of the cloned ITS sequence were 99 ％ and 97％ to those of B. bassiana and B. brongniartii, respectively. In comparison to other species among the genus Beauveria, the ITS region of Beauveria spp. F-101 showed a similarity of 95％ to B. amorpha, 95％ to B. tenella, 89％ to B. vermiconia and 69％ to B. alba, respectively. In addition, in comparison to different genus, it had 95％ similarities to Cordyceps militaris and 91％ to Paecilomyces tenuipes. Accordingly, the current result suggests that Beauveria spp. F-101 was a variant of B. bassiana and it seems to be a new isolate considering sequence variation in ITS region.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.572-577
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• 1991

Fermented Korean soybean foodstuffs(12 samples of meju, 28 samples of doenjang and 28 samples of kanjang) which collected nation wide in Korea, were used to isolate of fungi. And the fungi producing ochratoxin A(OA) among isolated fungi were identified. Of total 222 fungi isolated in each samples, the production rate of OA was 17.7%(39/222). Four fungi out of 39 isolates which production OA showed a higher amount of ochratoxin A. From these results, four kinds of fungi producing large quantities of OA were Penicillium spp., Phialotubus microsporus, Eupenicillium lapidosum, and Paecilomyces variotti, respectively. Four fungi showed the optimum growth at water activity($a_{w}$) of 0.99, but production of OA was almost inhibited at $a_{w}$, of 0.85. Furthermore, three fungi except P. variotti showed the optimum growth at $30^{\circ}C$, while OA production inhibited at same temperature. The optimal pH for toxin production except P. variotti was 6.5. Also, toxin production was not greatly influenced by pH.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 1993

Series of studies were conducted to establish biological and chemical control method for Meloidogyne spp to medical herbs by applied of nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys spp, Fusarium spp, and egg parastic fungi, Paecilomyces lilacinus were applied for root-knot nematodes on medicinal herbs, Paeonia albiflora, Codonopsis lanceolata, Cnidium officinale. The results are as follow. In pot experiments, The no. of root gall and egg mass and larvae of Cnidium officinale. The results are as follow. In pot experiments. The no. of root gall and egg mass and larvae of Cnidium officinale, Codonopsis lanceolata, Paeonia japonica lowered in P. Lilacinus treated plots compare to untreated control plots. But A. thaumasia F. oxysporum treated plots were less effective. Effect of egg parasitic fungi and chemical treatment at divided root of Paeonia japonica after sterilized in pot were increased in the fresh weight, root weight, control effect in P. lilacinus treated plots as chemical, Carbo G treated plots compare to untreted control plots. I field experiment, the number of root gall, egg mass and nematode density of Paeonia were also suppressed in P. lilacinus treated plots. It was very effective continuous 2 years and transplanting time on Paeonia japonica infested soil with the M. hapla in field in both region, Chillgok and Euisung treated P. lilacinus as chemical treated plots. Soaking effect of insecticide for Paeonia japonica at diving shoot before transplating in pot were effective for 12hours immersion into 1,000 ppm of Benlate T + Mep Ec, Benlate T + Fenthion EC in pot and field Experiment. In the Examination of fungi activily on P.japonica field 1 year after soil treatment, Number of spore of P. lilacinus were 1,000~1,300 in 3 region except Euisung.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1982

The soil microfungal flora of the paddy fields in Korea was investigated at four different seasons. The fungi were isolated by the dilution plate method from soil samples of two selected sites around Seoul. A total of 85 isolates was obtained as pure cultures and 30 species 13 genera were identified and 11 isolates were unidentified. Among these, 6 species of Deuteromycetous fungi, Penicillium spp., were found to be dominant in paddy field soils. Penicillium funiculosum, P. piceum, P. roqueforti and P. verruculosum were described as new to Korea. P. piceum has remarkable characteristics of the typical columnar head similar to a compact spruce-like evergreen tree. P. requeforti has penicilli variable in pattern with compactly branched metulae and appressed or Paecilomyces variotii were also described. In addition, Zygorhynchus moelleri, a remarkably dominant Zygomycete in Korean paddy soils, produces subglobose sporangia with oval columella and dark colored zygospores of about $35\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.1 s.72
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• pp.92-104
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• 1995

Ten species of Cordyceps species were collected throughout Kangwon province including Chuncheon Dongsanmyun KNU forest experiment from June to September, 1993. Collected Cordyceps species were identified as Cordyceps militaris, C. roseostromata, C. kyushuensis, C. scarabaeicola, Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora, C. nutans, Paecilomyces tenuipes, C. sphecocephala, Hymenostilbe odonatae, Torrubiella sp.. C. militaris, type species of Cordyceps species, was mainly formed on pupae of Lepidoptera and found after the rainy season around July. Fruiting body of C. roseostromata was morphologically similar to those of C. militaris, but relatively small in size and they were also found on lawn or pupa of Lepidoptera. Fruiting body of C. scarabaeicola was found on adult Scarabaeidae specifically and collect fruiting bodies of C. kyushuensis were on larva of moth. C. nutans and C. sphecocephala had host specificity on Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, respectively. Each species formed elliptical fertile part attach to the slim and carneous stalk and they were collected the most in specimen number through whole season of the summer. Ascospore of Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora on seed was characterized by two viable, multiseptate, fusiform units linked end-to-end by a long, filiform connective. Paecilomyces tenuipes, imperfect stage of the genus Cordyceps is multi-infective fungi that attack all stages of all groups of insects. Hymenostilbe odonatae attacks only adult Odonata and Torrubiella sp. formed on spider was difficult to collect because it was found the back side of leaf. As results of cultural test PDA medium showed the best mycelial growth. In the experiment of effect of the acidity inside of the media, C. militaris was good on pH 5, C. nutans and Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora were good on pH 6 and Paecilomyces tenuipes was on pH 7 and C. scarabaeicola was on pH 9. All isolates tested showed the best mycelial growth at $20^{\circ}C$. Morphologically similar isolates were used to analyze protein banding pattern among and within species. As a result, C. militaris, C. roseostromata and C. kyushuensis were clustered into close species and C. scarabaeicola and Phytocordyceps ninchukiospora were relatively distant from those species.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.280-287
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• 2011

This investigation was undertaken to survey toxigenic fungal contamination of various rice samples in 93 rice processing complexes (RPC) in Korea. Rice was grown in 2009 and the samples were collected in 2010. Seven types of rice samples such as unhusked, brown, blue-tinged, discolored, polished, half-crushed, and rice husks were obtained from each RPC. One-hundred and five grains of each sample were placed on PDA plates after surface disinfection. The incidence of fungal contaminants was 26.8%. Aspergillus spp. was the most dominant fungal contaminants and Fusarium spp. was the most frequently occurred in samples. The heaviest Fusarium contamination was found in unhusked grain, rice husks, and bare blue-tinged rice and followed by colored rice whereas broken rice was the least contaminated. Regional difference of fungal contamination was distinctive. Fusarium incidence in the rice samples from southern region of Korea including Jeolla and Gyeongsang Provinces was higher than those from central region including Chungcheong, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon Provinces. In contrast to Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were dominated in brown and polished rice samples and their incidences were more severe in central region than southern region. The major contaminants shown more than 1% of kernels infected were Aspergillus (5.0%), Fusarium (2.0%), Alternaria (1.4%), Dreschlera (1.3%), Penicillium spp. (1.3%), and Nigrospora spp. (1.0%). Collectotrichum, Pyricularia, Myrothecium, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Moniliella, Gloeocercospora, Chaeto- mium, Curvularia, Phialopora, Acremonium, Gliomastix, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Phomopsis, Paecilomyces, Genicularia, Geotrichum, Acremoniella, Rhizoctonia, Phoma, Oidiodendran, and Candida spp. were among the rest observed at low incidence. The major contaminants of rice samples were well-known as toxigenic fungal genera so toxin producibility of these fungal isolates is necessary to be examined in future. It is also needed to study Myrothecium spp. on species level as it was detected for the first time in rice.