• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.664-668
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• 2016

The contamination in soil, underground water and river environment became serious due to illegal waste dumping. In this study, our research group analyzed the oil species of illegally disposed oils from J City. After pretreating the mixture of oil, water and solid phases to obtain homogeneous phase components, the physical property analysis, atom analysis, and gas chromatography were performed. From the results showing 11.8% of oxygen content, $-6^{\circ}C$ of pour point and chromatogram pattern. the contaminated oil was identified as a vegetable one. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was also performed in order to know what kind of vegetable oil was, and the ratio of LLO, OOL and POL was found to be high indicating that the disposed oil is majorly the used soybean oil with some vegetable oil mixtures. This study can be used for identifying contaminators for oils from the illegal waste dumping.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2008

We characterized the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-W) family in humans and primates. In silico expression data indicated that 22 complete HERV-W families from human chromosomes 1-3, 5-8, 10-12, 15, 19, and X are randomly expressed in various tissues. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of the HERV-W env gene derived from human chromosome 7q21.2 indicated predominant expression in the human placenta. Several copies of repeat sequences (SINE, LINE, LTR, simple repeat) were detected within the complete or processed pseudo HERV-W of the human, chimpanzee, and rhesus monkey. Compared to other regions (5'LTR, Gag, Gag-Pol, Env, 3'LTR), the repeat family has been mainly integrated into the region spanning the 5'LTRs of Gag (1398 bp) and Pol (3242 bp). FISH detected the HERV-W probe (fosWE1) derived from a gorilla fosmid library in the metaphase chromosomes of all primates (five hominoids, three Old World monkeys, two New World monkeys, and one prosimian), but not in Tupaia. This finding was supported by molecular clock and phylogeny data using the divergence values of the complete HERV-W LTR elements. The data suggested that the HERV-W family was integrated into the primate genome approximately 63 million years (Myr) ago, and evolved independently during the course of primate radiation.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.516-522
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• 2005

The phosphorylation of C-terminal domain (CTD) of Rpb1p, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II plays an important role in transcription and the coupling of various cellular events to transcription. In this study, its role in DNA damage response is closely examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, focusing specifically on several transcription factors that mediate or respond to the phosphorylation of the CTD. CTDK-1, the pol II CTD kinase, FCP1, the CTD phosphatase, ESS1, the CTD phosphorylation dependent cis-trans isomerase, and RSP5, the phosphorylation dependent pol II ubiquitinating enzyme, were chosen for the study. We determined that the CTD phosphorylation of CTD, which occurred predominantly at serine 2 within a heptapeptide repeat, was enhanced in response to a variety of sources of DNA damage. This modification was shown to be mediated by CTDK-1. Although mutations in ESS1 or FCP1 caused cells to become quite sensitive to DNA damage, the characteristic pattern of CTD phosphorylation remained unaltered, thereby implying that ESS1 and FCP1 play roles downstream of CTD phosphorylation in response to DNA damage. Our data suggest that the location or extent of CTD phosphorylation might be altered in response to DNA damage, and that the modified CTD, ESS1, and FCP1 all contribute to cellular survival in such conditions.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 1986

The primary aim of this study was to assess the effects of the margin designs and composite resins on the marginal leakage of Class V resin restorations. 60 Class V cavities with $90^{\circ}$ butt joint, 60 with $45^{\circ}$ bevel joint, and 60 with concave joint were prepared on the labial surfaces of 38 extracted anterior teeth and the buccal and lingual surfaces of 71 premolars, and classified as the butt group, bevel group and concave group, respectively. After completion of the cavity preparation, Heliosit${(R)}$ was filled in 20 butt joint cavities, 20 bevel joint cavities, and 20 concave cavities. And Hi-Pol$^{(R)}$ and Palfique$^{(R)}$ were filled in the same manner, respectively. After finishing, all specimens were subjected manually to 50 thermal cycles at $4^{\circ}C$, $37^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$. They were immersed in 0.5% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, and buccolingually sectioned with sectioning machine. The sectioned specimens were examined under the light microscope. The results indicated the following: 1. The bevel group showed the least amount of marginal leakage compared with the other two design groups, but the statistical analysis showed no significant difference at the 95% confidence level. 2. Hi-Pol$^{(R)}$ group showed the most severe marginal leakage compared with the other composite resin materials, but there was no significant difference in the groups. 3. The bevel-Heliosit$^{(R)}$ subgroup, which was filled with Heliosit$^{(R)}$ in the beveled cavities, showed the least amount of marginal leakage, but there was no significance in all the subgroups.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2018

In this paper, compact linear dual polarized series-fed $1{\times}2$ linear and $2{\times}2$ planar arrays antennas for airborne SAR applications are proposed. The proposed antenna design consists of a square radiating patch that is placed on top of the substrate, a quarter wave transformer and $50-{\Omega}$ matched transformer. Matching between a radiating patch and the $50-{\Omega}$ microstrip line is accomplished through a direct coupled-feed technique with the help of an impedance inverter (${\lambda}/4$ impedance transformer) placed at both horizontal and vertical planes, in the case of the $2{\times}2$ planar array. The overall size for the prototype-1 and prototype-2 fabricated antennas are $1.9305{\times}0.9652{\times}0.05106{{\lambda}_0}^3$ and $1.9305{\times}1.9305{\times}0.05106{{\lambda}_0}^3$, respectively. The fabricated structure has been tested, and the experimental results are similar to the simulated ones. The CST MWS simulated and vector network analyzer measured reflection coefficient ($S_{11}$) results were compared, and they indicate that the proposed antenna prototype-1 yields the impedance bandwidth >140 MHz (9.56-9.72 GHz) defined by $S_{11}$<-10 dB with 1.43%, and $S_{21}$<-25 dB in the case of prototype-2 (9.58-9.74 GHz, $S_{11}$< -10 dB) >140 MHz for all the individual ports. The surface currents and the E- and H-field distributions were studied for a better understanding of the polarization mechanism. The measured results of the proposed dual polarized antenna were in accordance with the simulated analysis and showed good performance of the S-parameters and radiation patterns (co-pol and cross-pol), gain, efficiency, front-to-back ratio, half-power beam width) at the resonant frequency. With these features and its compact size, the proposed antenna will be suitable for X-band airborne synthetic aperture radar applications.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.51.1-51.10
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• 2021

Background: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo, and pigs caused by the gamma-herpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of OvHV-2 in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalo in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, by applying molecular and phylogenetic methods. Methods: Blood samples were aspirated from sheep (n = 54), goat (n = 50), cattle (n = 46) and buffalo (n= 50) at a slaughterhouse and several farms. The samples were subjected to heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the OvHV-2 POL gene and the OvHV-2 ORF75 tegument protein gene. Results: The highest percentage of MCF positive samples was in sheep (13%), whereas goat, cattle, and buffalo had lower positive percentages, 11%, 9%, and 6.5%, respectively. Four OvHV-2-positive PCR products obtained from sheep samples were sequenced. The sequences obtained were submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (MK852173 for the POL gene; MK840962, MK852171, and MK852172 for the ORF75 tegument protein gene). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close similarity of study sequences with those of worldwide samples. Conclusions: This study is the first cross-sectional study on the prevalence and molecular detection of OvHV-2 in apparently healthy cattle and buffalo that could be carrying OvHV-2 acquired from OvHV-2-positive sheep and goats. The results indicate that OvHV-2 is circulating in Pakistan. Further studies are needed to characterize OvHV-2 and elucidate further its prevalence.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.149-155
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• 2021

Background: We have reported that internal deletions in the nef, gag, and pol genes in HIV-1-infected patients are induced in those treated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG). KRG delays the development of resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs. Methods: The vif-vpr genes over 26 years in 20 hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 from a single source were sequenced to investigate whether vif-vpr genes were affected by KRG and KRG plus highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) (hereafter called GCT) and compared the results with our previous data. Results: A significantly higher number of in-frame small deletions were found in the vif-vpr genes of KRG-treated patients than at the baseline, in control patients, and in ART-alone patients (p < 0.001). These were significantly reduced in GCT patients (p < 0.05). In contrast, sequences harboring a premature stop codon (SC) were more significant in GCT patients (10.1%) than in KRG-alone patients, control (p < 0.01), and ART-alone patients (p = 0.078 for peripheral blood mononuclear cells). The proportion of SC in Vpr was similar to that in Vif, whereas the proportion of sequences revealing SC in the env-nef genes was significantly lower than that in the pol-vif-vpr genes (p < 0.01). The genetic distance was 1.8 times higher in the sequences harboring SC than in the sequences without SC (p < 0.001). Q135P in the vif gene is significantly associated with rapid progression to AIDS (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our data show that KRG might induce sD in the vif-vpr genes and that vif-vpr genes are similarly affected by lethal mutations.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.625-634
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• 2016

Three leading agencies under different ministries - Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) in the ministry of Environment, Han river control office in the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) and Weather Group of ROK Air Force in the Ministry of National Defense (MND) - have been operated radars in the purpose of observing weather, hydrology and military operational weather in Korea. Eight S-band dual-pol. radars have been newly installed or replaced by these ministries over different places by 2015. However each ministry has different aims of operating radars, observation strategies, data processing algorithms, etc. Due to the differences, there is a wide level of accuracy on observed radar data as well as the composite images made of the cross governmental radar measurement. Gaining fairly high level of accuracy on radar data obtained by different agencies has been shared as a great concern by the ministries. Thus, "an agreement of harmonizing weather and hydrological radar products" was made by the three ministries in 2010. Particularly, this is very important to produce better rainfall estimation using the cross governmental radar measurement. Weather Radar Center(WRC) in KMA has been developed an empirical method using measurements observed by Yongin testbed radar. This study is aiming to examine the efficiency of the empirical method to improve the accuracies of radar rainfalls estimated from cross governmental dual-pol. radar measurements. As a result, the radar rainfalls of three radars (Baengnyeongdo, Biseulsan, and, Sobaeksan Radar) were shown improvement in accuracy (1-NE) up to 70% using data from May to October in 2015. Also, the range of the accuracies in radar rainfall estimation, which were from 30% to 60% before adjusting polarimetric variables, were decreased from 65% to 70% after adjusting polarimetric variables.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.395-400
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• 2004

In most physical processes, the transfer function includes time-delay, and in the general distributed control system using computer network, there exists inherent time-delay caused by the spatial separation between controllers and actuators. This work deals with the synthesis of a discrete-time controller for a nonlinear system and proposes a new effective method to compensate the influence of input time-delay. The controller is synthesized by using input/output linearization. Under the circumstance that input time-delay exists, the system response has more overshoot and tends to diverge. For these reasons, the controller has to produce future input value that will be needed for the system. In order to calculate the future input value, some predictors are adopted. Using the discretization via Euler's method, numerical simulations about the Van der Pol system are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.265-270
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• 2001

This study presents a feedback control methodology for suppression of the vortex shedding from a circular cylinder in a uniform flow. A rotational oscillation is applied as a controlled forcing and the lift coefficient ($C_L$) is used as a feedback signal. A feedback control concept is made based on the phase relation between the rotation velocity and $C_L$ at 'lock-on', The phase between the forcing and the vortex formation is changed $180^{\circ}$ from the phase of enhancing the lock-on state. This concept is examined by solving the Van del Pol equation. The results are satisfactory.