• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.63-76
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• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.128-141
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• 2014

This study established a plan to establish the roadside green for enhancing the urban green network and enhancing of urban greenery in Songpa-gu. As for the present conditions of the streets, that of the parks, the green axes, sidewalk in Songpa-gu were analyzed. This study derived 19 parks by the roadside and 13 lines to connect green axes. The result of roadside greenery status were selected 56,546m lines by natural green space and constructed green space. The result of sidewalks width were selected 8,600m lines that sidewalks width more than 5m for enhancing urban green network in Songpa-gu. For enhancing the urban green network lines were selected: Olympic Expressway, Songpa-daero, Nambusunhwan-no and Wiryeseong-gil. To improve the street planting strips, two plans were suggested: to improve the green structures of the street planting strips mainly with shrubs and to effectively create street planting strips through the green spaces along the streets. A plan to promote the amount of planting street trees in Songpa-gu analyzed the streets. Complements the understory layer sections were the highest the entire length of 34,206 m of 63.6% in strengthening for network streets. Greenspace network streets were calculated for planting of volume by promotion plan. Planting volume increased 4,708 trees before expand planting plan, so the total tree was considered 9,518 trees.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 1985

This study is purposed to investigate the role of grasses as the Green Foundation effect on the visual preference to flowering tree and shrub being the principal elements of natural landscape early in the spring. As the flowering shrub materials, Rhododendron mucronulatum and Forsythia Kreana were adopted. Total 48 slides were photographed at the 8 different lawn areas with the 6 planting combinations of flowering shrub materials, and 10 landscape variables - dimensional and color - were measured and preference scores were taken by slide evaluations. The results were : 1) The visual preference to the landscape of flowering shrub in the lawn area was changed with the different lawn situations. 2) With important 4 variables, multilinear regression model was established, hence Y =40.4 + 9.6($X_1$) -7.8($X_2$) -26.8($X_3$) + 15.2($X_4$) where, Y : estimated preference score $X_1$: perimeter of flower zone $X_2$: value of green covered zone $X_3$: hue of green covered zone $X_4$: chroma of green covered zone 3) Most effective variable was 'hue of green covered zone', hence the more green the lawn area ism the more preferred landscape or the more effective green foundation is.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2014

This study aims to present an evaluation scheme to improve the problems in tree shapes and tree growth which were identified through shape and growth assessments of landscape trees currently planted in Haedoji Park, Songdo, Incheon Metropolitan City after plant structure status and propriety review for funtion of space and concept of planting. Suitability the planting concept was evaluated according to function of space. The result indicated that the shade planting areas accounted for 29.5% of the the shade spaces area. 58.7%, respectively planting areas of visual landscape. And 11.8%, respectively planting areas of buffer. Because the planting areas was lacked according to the park established spatial configuration of central facilities and the result of plant young trees. Plant structure status required consideration with plant structure, density, size, growth status for improve planting function. The tree assessment was performed on a total of 28 species and 600 trees of which 22 species and 209 trees were planted in the buffer zone, 8 species and 71 trees in the shade zone, 16 species and 266 trees in the visual landscape zone, and 4 species and 54 trees in the ecological landscape zone. The trees were divided into grades based on their assessment score and were statistically grouped by the functional zone in where they are planted and by tree species to verify their significance. The tree shape assessment was an average of 56.6 points and the tree growth assessment was an average of 76.0 points. Using the results of the tree assessments, the tree standards for each functional space were identified and a concept of optimum planting and cultivating was applied. When applying the shape assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, since trees for buffering require high functionality they received E's, the lowest grade; as trees for ecological landscaping require diverseness and naturalness, they received D's; since trees for shading require utilization, they received C's as trees with branching at the main stems were considered; and since trees for visual landscaping required aesthetical value, they received A's and B's. When applying the growth assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, based on planting foundations of favorable and poor, for buffering, visual landscaping, and ecological landscaping, trees from grades A to E could be planted, and for shading, trees from grades A to C could be planted. For a cultivation plan that could improve the growth of the trees, we proposed that the topography of the land be selected considering the tree's characteristics and that a method of pot seeding be used. Also, to improve the shape of the trees, we proposed that poles be used to improve the growth of vertically-straight stems, an appropriate planting density be applied for reasonable branch growth, manage tree shape to maintain good crowning, and better manage fertilization to maintain a reasonable crown density.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.590-596
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• 2020

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum species) has long been an excellent functional food. Besides, buckwheat sprouts contain various functional substances. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of buckwheat sprouts in the context of cultivars harvested after different cultivation periods (0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, and 15 days after planting). Buckwheat sprouts were cultivated at 25℃ for up to 15 days and then extracted with ethanol. Antioxidant components were then extracted from sprouts and leaves using a freeze dryer. The total polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were then analyzed. The total polyphenol content increased from 32.26 mg GA eq/100 g for raw buckwheat to 114.75 mg GA eq/100 g after 7 days of cultivation. Also, the flavonoid content increased from 20.61 mg catechin eq/100 g (0 days) to 56.54 mg/g after 9 days of cultivation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity (concentration of extract at 0.25 mg/mL) increased from 7.89% at day 0 to 53.48% after 9 days of cultivation. Additionally, the ABTS radical scavenging activity increased from 10.26% at day 0 to 32.89% after 7 days of cultivation; of note, the activity decreased afterward. These results suggest that the best buckwheat sprouts with higher biological activities are those cultivated for 7-9 days. For a complete understanding of the potential of buckwheat sprouts as functional foods, we plan to further analyze their antioxidant activity in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2009

The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is now widely grown as a whole crop silage in Korea, but the quality of that silage does not examined from farms. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the forage quality of whole crop barley that was participated in Silage Quality Contest in 2008. These data were classified by region, dry matter (DM) yield, with or not additive, planting and harvest date. Difference on the lactic acid content of barley silage was detected in the region, DM yield, additive and harvest date (p<0.05), however, there were partially significant differences in chemical composition. There were significant differences among moisture content in DM yield, pH in additive, and crude ash content in additive and planting date of barley silage. Crude protein content was significant difference in the region, and ether extract content was in region, DM yield and harvest date, however, non-fiber carbohydrate was significant difference in planting date of barley silage. Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and relative feed value were significant difference only in the cultivation region of whole crop barley. According to this experiment, differences in the silage quality were observed among whole crop barley silages. Therefore, nutritive value as well as moisture and pH are important in silage quality evaluation of whole crop barley. Especially, lactic acid is an important factor for the evaluation of whole crop barley silage.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.82-92
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the density management of planting sites and an additional model for new planting sites. In the Dongtan New Town of Hwaseong, there are buffer green spaces, with widths between 8m and 15m, between roads and apartment complexes. A total 38 survey plots were set to examine the planting patterns and the density of landscape trees. The Crown Overlapping Index (COI) was developed to assess the level of overcrowding as far as tree growth and development effectively. Pinus strobus recorded the most serious level of overcrowding growth and development. Its average density and average COI were very high at $0.3trees/m^2$ and 35.6%, respectively. There were many areas in which its COI was above 45%. The criteria for density management were set by standardizing the COI into three levels, which were above 45% (Type A), 30~45% (Type B), and under 30% (Type C). A model was proposed to manage poorly growing trees and to develop a model to select and manage trees of similar specification based on the planting patterns. The trees of density management areas were reviewed in terms of tree types and the ease of transplanting to establish an application system for the management plans according to the possibility of transplanting, thinning, and pruning. In new buffer green spaces, the planting density of Pinus strobus was lowered to $0.20{\sim}0.25trees/m^2$, with that of shrubs being reduced to $1.5{\sim}2.0trees/m^2$, leading to a planting design model to cover the lower parts in at least 30~40%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.62-74
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• 2015

This study was carried out to provide examples of planting methods for the construction of street green spaces with abundant greenery by analyzing road type, surrounding land use and planting structures in street green spaces on Port Island, Kobe, Japan. Port Island_(total area: 826ha) is a marine cultural city located in Japan's first artificial island with facilities of urban function and port facilities. The study site was designated at 11 plots of $55{\sim}285m^2$ on Port Island, and topography structure styles were divided into four types with mounding style, slope style, slope and flat style, flat style according to the adjacent roads width. The area adjacent to the middle roads with high levels of noise and pollution set up the mounding style, slope style, slope and flat style of multi-layer structures using topographic properties. The area adjacent to small roads focused on a green strip with shrubs on a flat style. Surrounding land-uses include a public institution, housing complex, and a commercial building. The planting concept was a buffer and landspace function in case of the middle road_(lane 4) while the small road_(lane 2) was a landspace function. Planting species were diverse with Liquidambe formosana, Cinnamomum camphora, Sapium sebiferum, Cedrela sinensis, Laeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Ginkgo biloba, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, Zelkova serrata, Quercus glauca, Juniperus chinensis, Magnolia kobus, Rhododendron spp., Camellia japonica, Abelia mosanensis, etc. Planting density was 0.02~0.08(0.04) individual/$m^2$ at the canopy layer, 0.02~0.08(0.04) individual/$m^2$ at the understory layer. Ratio of green coverage was 40.0~173.7(93.0)% at the canopy layer, 2.1~79.8(34.9)% at the understory layer and 17.9~64.2(32.9)% at the shrub layer. $Gr{\ddot{u}}volumenzahl$ was $1.43{\sim}6.67(4.13)m^3/m^2$ at the canopy layer, $0.02{\sim}2.01(0.85)m^3/m^2$ at the understory layer and $0.14{\sim}0.58(0.26)m^3/m^2$ at the shrub layer. The ratio of green coverage of street green space on Port Island was higher than that of Seoul, and particularly, the ratio of green coverage and $gr{\ddot{u}}volumenzahl$ at the shrub layer differed, compared to the main street green space in Korea. The result of this study may be applicable to other coastal reclaimed cities in terms of setting methods for street greenery considering the topography structure, planting structure and planting function.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1029-1035
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• 2005

A 3${\times}$4 factorial field experiment with a complete randomised split-plot design with four replicates was conducted from June 2002 to March 2003 at the experimental farm of the Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to determine effects of different harvesting heights (10, 30 and 50 cm above the ground) and cutting intervals (45, 60, 90 and 285 days) on yield of foliage and tubers, and chemical composition of the foliage. Cassava of the variety KM 94 grown in plots of 5 m${\times}$10 m at a planting distance of 30 cm${\times}$50 cm was hand-harvested according to respective treatments, starting 105 days after planting. Foliage from the control treatment (285 days) and all tubers were only harvested at the final harvest 285 days after planting. Dry matter and crude protein foliage yields increased in all treatments compared to the control. Mean foliage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields were 4.57, 3.53, 2.49, and 0.64 tonnes DM $ha^{-1}$ and 939, 684, 495 and 123 kg CP $ha^{-1}$ with 45, 60, 90 and 285 day cutting intervals, respectively. At harvesting heights of 10, 30 and 50 cm the DM yields were 4.27, 3.67 and 2.65 tonnes $ha^{-1}$ and the CP yields were 810, 745 and 564 kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. The leaf DM proportion was high, ranging from 47 to 65%. The proportion of leaf and petiole increased and the stem decreased with increasing harvesting heights and decreasing cutting intervals. Crude protein content in cassava foliage ranged from 17.7 to 22.6% and was affected by harvesting height and cutting interval. The ADF and NDF contents of foliage varied between 22.6 and 30.2%, and 34.2 and 41.2% of DM, respectively. The fresh tuber yield in the control treatment was 34.5 tonnes $ha^{-1}$. Cutting interval and harvesting height had significant negative effects on tuber yield. The most extreme effect was for the frequent foliage harvesting at 10 cm harvesting height, which reduced the tuber yield by 72%, while the 90 day cutting intervals and 50 cm harvesting height only reduced the yield by 7%. The mean fresh tuber yield decreased by 56, 45 and 27% in total when the foliage was harvested at 45, 60 and 90 day cutting intervals, respectively. It is concluded that the clear effects on quantity and quality of foliage and the effect on tuber yield allow alternative foliage harvesting principles depending on the need of fodder for animals, value of tubers and harvesting cost. An initial foliage harvest 105 days after planting and later harvests with 90 days intervals at 50 cm harvesting height increased the foliage DM and CP yield threefold, but showed only marginal negative effect on tuber yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate yield and forage quality of domestic silage corn hybrids at different planting dates. Days to silking of Suwon169 and P3394 were 62 days, respectively, the shortest among corn hybrids and Gangdaok was the longest. Cheonganok was more resistant to lodging than other hybrids. Kwangpyeongok and Gangdaok were more excellent to stay-green than other hybrids. Ear ratios to total dry matter of other domestic hybrids except Gangdaok were similar with those of DK697 and P3394. Ear ratios to total dry matter were similar in planting dates, May 3 and May 21 with 46% and 45% but June 11, low with 41%. Fresh yield of Gangdaok was the highest of all hybrids and other hybrids except Gangdaok were similar. Dry matter (DM) yields of domestic hybrids except Cheonganok were similar to those of DK697 and P3394. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields of domestic hybrids were no significant difference compared with those of DK697 and P3394. Fresh yield, DM yield and TDN yield of all hybrids were similar in planting dates, May 3 and May 21 but those of all hybrids were reduced in planting date, June 11 compared with May 3 and May 21. All hybrids were no significant difference in acid detergent fiber (ADF) which had values ranging from $44.2{\sim}46.2%$. All hybrids were no significant difference in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) which had values ranging from $58.1{\sim}59.9%$. There were no significant differences in ADF and NDF according to planting dates. Relative feed value (RFV) of P3394 was the lowest of all hybrids. Other hybrids except P3394 had values ranging from $84.1{\sim}85.0$ and was no significant difference in RFV. It is concluded that domestic hybrids tested in this study have high forage quality as well as high production similar to those of imported corn hybrids.