• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.178-178
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• 2016

Every display is equipped with a cover glass to protect the underneath displaying devices from mechanical and environmental impact during its use. The strengthened glass such as Gorilla glass.$^{TM}$ has been exclusively adopted as a cover glass in many displays. Conventionally, the strengthened glass has been manufactured via ion-exchange process in wet salt bath at high temperature of around $500^{\circ}C$ for hours of treatment time. During ion-exchange process, Na ions with smaller diameter are substituted with larger-diameter K ions, resulting in high compressive stress in near-surface region and making the treated glass very resistant to scratch or impact during its use. In this study, PIIID (plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition) technique was used to implant metal ions into the glass surface for strengthening. In addition, due to the plasmonic effect of the implanted metal ions, the metal-ion implanted glass samples got colored. To implant metal ions, plasma immersion ion implantation technique combined with HiPIMS method was adopted. The HiPIMS pulse voltage of up to 1.4 kV was applied to the 3" magnetron sputtering targets (Cu, Ag, Au, Al). At the same time, the sample stage with glass samples was synchronously pulse-biased via -50 kV high voltage pulse modulator. The frequency and pulse width of 100 Hz and 15 usec, respectively, were used during metal ion implantation. In addition, nitrogen ions were implanted to study the strengthening effect of gas ion implantation. The mechanical and optical properties of implanted glass samples were investigated using micro-hardness tester and UV-Vis spectrometer. The implanted ion distribution and the chemical states along depth was studied with XPS (X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy). A cross-sectional TEM study was also conducted to investigate the nature of implanted metal ions. The ion-implanted glass samples showed increased hardness of ~1.5 times at short implantation times. However, with increasing the implantation time, the surface hardness was decreased due to the accumulation of implantation damage.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2015

Objectives: The present study assessed the prevalence of the potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in Korean elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition, this study examined risk factors that affect PIM use. Method: A retrospective, observational study was conducted using Korean National Health Insurance claims database of 2009. PIM use in Parkinson's disease patients aged 65 years or older was examined based on 2012 Beers Criteria. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for PIM use. Results: Among 5,277 elderly patients with Parkinson's disease, 88.9% of patients used PIM(s) at least once. The average number of PIM items used per patient was 4.2. PIM use ratio, the proportion of total amount of PIMs to all medications per patient, was 12.6%. Frequently used PIM therapeutic classes were benzodiazepines (32.7%), first-generation antihistamines (19.2%), and prokinetics (17.5%). Individual PIMs most commonly used included chlorpheniramine (11.4%), levosulpiride (10.9%), diazepam (9.0%), and alprazolam (7.6%). Women (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.16), medical aid (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.15-1.21), and long-term facilities (OR 2.43, 95% CI 2.22-2.65) were shown to be risk factors associated with PIM use. Of particular, wide variation in PIM use was associated with the types of healthcare facility. Conclusion: The PIM prevalence was very high in elderly Parkinson's disease patients. Nationally effective and systematic efforts to identify and prevent PIM use should be made to ensure patient safety and to improve quality of care in the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Polypharmacy is increasing owing to an increase in the elderly population and multimorbidities associated with the increased risk of administration of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). The negative effects of polypharmacy on various health conditions and aspects, such as fall, fracture, mortality, cognitive function, and dementia, have been reported. The management of excess and inappropriate polypharmacy through proper interventions and local or national guidelines has been highlighted. The purpose of polypharmacy management is to appropriately prescribe medicines that are essential to treat diseases in patients and to avoid inappropriate polypharmacy, such as interactive or duplicate medicines under prescription and PIMs for specific diseases. Community pharmacists in Australia, the EU, USA, and Japan are collaborating with prescribers to review medications to ensure that the patients can be prescribed appropriate medications. The service cost is reimbursed by public or private insurers. A study in the United States has shown that even with medication review costs, the overall medication cost has reduced. In Korea, various projects such as Drug Utilization Review service and safe use of medicines have been conducted; however, no national guidelines or management measures have been established. It is necessary to implement a national long-term plan on polypharmacy management. Furthermore, a phased implementation plan is required. Shortly, active medication review services and education programs for healthcare professionals with the support of the government should be considered in Korea with reference to other countries in order to raise awareness of seriousness and risks of inappropriate polypharmacy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2017

고전력 펄스 전원공급장치를 이용한 마그네트론 스퍼터링(high-power impulse magnetron sputtering; HiPIMS)과 직류(direct current; DC) 전원공급장치를 이용한 마그네트론 스퍼터링(DC 스퍼터링)을 이용하여 제조한 티타늄 질화물(titanium nitride; TiN) 박막의 특성을 비교하였다. HiPIMS와 DC 스퍼터링 공정 중에 빗각증착을 적용하여 TiN 박막의 미세구조와 기계적 특성의 변화를 확인하였다. TiN 박막을 코팅하기 위한 기판으로 스테인리스 강판(SUS304)과 초경(cemented carbide; WC-10wt.%Co)을 사용하였다. 기판은 알코올과 아세톤으로 초음파 처리를 실시하여 기판 표면의 불순물을 제거하였다. 기판 청정 후 진공용기 내부의 기판홀더에 기판을 장착하고 $2.0{\times}10^{-5}torr$의 기본 압력까지 진공배기를 실시하였다. 진공 용기의 압력이 기본 압력에 도달하면 아르곤(Ar) 가스를 진공용기 내부로 ${\sim}10^{-2}torr$의 압력으로 주입하고 기판홀더에 라디오 주파수(radio frequency; rf) 전원공급장치를 이용하여 - 800 V의 전압을 인가하여 글로우 방전을 발생시켜 30 분간 기판 표면의 산화막을 제거하는 기판청정을 실시하였다. 기판청정이 완료되면 기본 압력까지 진공배기를 실시하고 Ar과 질소($N_2$)의 혼합 가스를 진공용기 내부로 ${\sim}10^{-3}torr$의 압력으로 주입하여 HiPIMS와 DC 스퍼터링으로 TiN 박막 제조를 실시하였다. 빗각의 크기는 $45^{\circ}$와 $-45^{\circ}$이었다. 제조된 TiN 박막은 주사전자 현미경, 비커스 경도 측정기 그리고 X-선 회절 분석기를 이용하여 특성을 분석하였다. HiPIMS로 제조한 TiN 박막은 기판 전압을 인가하지 않아도 색상이 노란색을 보이지만, DC 스퍼터링으로 제조한 TiN 박막은 기판 전압을 인가하지 않으면 노란색을 보이지 않고 어두운 갈색에 가까운 색을 보였다. TiN 박막의 경도는 HiPIMS로 제조한 TiN 박막이 DC 스퍼터링으로 제조한 TiN 박막보다 높았다. 이러한 TiN 박막의 특성 차이는 DC 스퍼터링과 비교하여 높은 HiPIMS의 이온화율에 의한 결과로 판단된다. 빗각을 적용한 TiN 박막은 미세구조 변화를 보였으며 이러한 미세구조 변화는 TiN 박막의 특성에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.267-277
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• 2010

Gas separation membranes have been developed for decades in various areas to replace the conventional processes. Membrane processes for gas separation have many advantages of energy saving, compact size, and easy scale-up. Nowadays, gas separation processes is widely spreaded in nitrogen generating system, hydrogen generating system, membrane dryer, on board inert gas generating system, natural gas purification, biogas purification and fuel cells. Carbon dioxide separation process using membrane would be a strong candidate of carbon dioxide capturing process. In order to broaden the scope of application of gas separation membranes, development of new materials which can overcome the borderline of Robeson's plot should be necessary, so that many researchers and companies are trying to develop the new materials like polymers containing cardo and spiro group and PIMs (polymers for intrinsic microporosity).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.155-164
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• 2016

In this paper, we investigate and analyze big data platform published at home and abroad. The results had a problem with personal information security on each platform. In particular, there was a vulnerability in the encryption of personal information stored in big data representative of HBase NoSQL DB that is commonly used for big data platform. However, data encryption and decryption cause the system load. In this paper, we propose a method of encryption with HBase, encryption and decryption systems, and methods for applying the personal information management system (PMIS) for each step of the way and big data platform to reduce the load on the network to communicate. And we propose a new big data platform that reflects this. Therefore, the proposed Big Data platform will greatly contribute to the activation of Big Data used to obtain personal information security and system performance efficiency.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.223-240
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• 2016

In this study, poly(vinyl-alcohol) and water insoluble ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin polymer (${\beta}$-CDP) cross-linked with citric acid, have been used as macrocyclic carrier in the preparation of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) for aniline (as molecule model) extraction from aqueous media. The obtained membranes were firstly characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and water swelling test. The transport of aniline was studied in a two-compartment transport cell under various experimental conditions, such as carrier content in the membranes, stirring rate and initial aniline concentration. The kinetic study was performed and the kinetic parameters were calculated as rate constant (k), permeability coefficient (P) and flux (J). These first results demonstrated the utility of such polymeric membranes for environmental decontamination of toxic organic molecules like aniline. Predictive modeling of transport flux through these materials was then studied using design of experiments; the design chosen was a two level full factorial design $2^k$. An empirical correlation between aniline transport flux and independent variables (Poly ${\beta}$-CD membrane content, agitation speed and initial aniline concentration) was successfully obtained. Statistical analysis showed that initial aniline concentration of the solution was the most important parameter in the study domain. The model revealed the existence of a strong interaction between the Poly ${\beta}$-CD membrane content and the stirring speed of the source solution. The good agreement between the model and the experimental transport data confirms the model's validity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2012

스퍼터링 기술은 타겟 사용 효율 및 증착률 향상 개념에서의 소스 특성향상과, 증착 기판으로 이동하는 스퍼터링 입자량 및 이온화율 제어를 통한 코팅 박막의 특성향상 등 크게 두 축을 중심으로 발전되어 왔다. 특히 소스 특성 향상 관점에서 고진공에서의 스퍼터링 기술, 듀얼 마그네크론 스퍼터링 및 무빙 마그네트론 스퍼터링 기술 및 원통형 스퍼터링 기술이 개발되어왔으며, 코팅 박막의 특성 향상과 관련하여서는 스퍼터링 방전 내 플라즈마의 밀도의 증대 및 기판 입사 입자의 에너지 제어를 통한 박막의 치밀도 향상 연구가 많이 이루어져, UBM 또는 ICP 결합 스퍼터링 및 Arc-스퍼터링 혼합공정이 연구되어 왔다. 박막 증착에서 박막의 물성을 조절하는 주요인자는, 기판에 입사하는 입자의 에너지로, 그 조절 범위가 좁고 넓음에 따라 활용 가능한 코팅 공정의 window가 설정된다. 지난 15년간 증착박막의 물성 향상을 위하여 스퍼터링 소스의 제어 관점이 아닌 전원적 관점에서 스퍼터된 입자의 에너지 제어를 MF(kHz), Pulse 전원 사용을 통해 이루어져 왔고, 특히 High Impulse Pulse를 이용한 HiPIMS 기법이 연구개발과 시장의 이해가 잘 어울려져 많은 발전을 이루고 있다. HiPIMS 공정은 박막의 물성을 제어하는 관점을 스퍼터링에 사용되는 보조 가스인 Ar 이온에 의존하지 않고, 직접 스퍼터된 입자의 이온화를 증대시키고, 이 이온화된 입자를 활용하여 증착 박막의 치밀성 및 반응성을 증대시켜, 박막특성을 제어하는 기술이다. HiPIMS의 경우, 초기 개발 당시에는 고에너지, 고이온화의 금속 이온을 대량 생성할 수 있다는 이론적 배경에서 연구되었다. 그러나 연구 개발이 진행되면서, 박막의 물성과 증착률 등 상반된 특성이 나타나면서 이에 대한 전원장치의 개량이나 스퍼터링 소스의 개선 등 다양한 개발 연구들이 요구되고 있다. 재료연구소에서는 스퍼터링 기술에서 가장 문제가 되고 있는 타겟 사용효율화 관점 및 스퍼트된 입자의 이온화률 증대에 대한 두 가지 문제를 동시에 해결할 수 있는 방안으로 고밀도 플라즈마를 이용한 스퍼터링 기술을 개발하고 있다. 본 발표에서는 이러한 HiPIMS의 연구 개발 동향과 고밀도 플라즈마를 이용한 스퍼터링 기술에 대한 연구 동향을 발표하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-78
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• 2021

Background and Objective: The use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) increases the risk of negative health outcomes, including drug-related admissions. Tools for structured medication review have been developed to ensure optimal medication use and safety. Here, we aimed to evaluate medication use review (MUR) tools for community-dwelling older patients. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement (PRISMA). We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from 1991 to 2020, excluding tools that are specifically applied to hospitalized patients or nursing home residents. We identified the most common inappropriate medications, drug-disease interactions, drug-drug interactions and prescribing omissions presented among tools. Results: From among 9,788 identified reports screened, 60 met our inclusion criteria; finally, 27 were eligible for data analysis considering originality and up-to-dateness. Most tools presented explicit criteria (93%), and only one was specific to community-dwelling elderly. The most common PIM was tricyclic antidepressants. Use of diltiazem and verapamil in patients with heart failure and the combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics and warfarin were the most frequent disease-specific PIM and drug-interaction, respectively. Conclusions: Although several medication review tools have been developed for older adults, specific guidelines for community-dwelling populations remain limited. Furthermore, the list of PIMs differed among available tools. In future, specific but integrating MUR tools need to be developed for clinical practice considering this population.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2022

Background: To implement medication management service in Korean nursing home (NH), medication review tool for residents in Korean long-term care facilities was developed. This prospective pilot study aimed to verify the applicability of this newly developed tool and to evaluate the drug related problems (DRPs) identified by pharmacists' medication review in NH setting. Methods: This study was carried out in two NHs in Korea. The elderly residents (65 or older) using 5 or more medications were eligible. Pharmacists conducted medication review and identified the DRPs and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) based on the newly developed tool. Results: Among 43 NH residents, 27 residents agreed to participate. The median age was 87 and about 55.6% of them were taking 10 or more medications. Pharmacists identified a total of 37 PIMs in 18 NH residents (66.7%) and 54 DRPs in 22 residents (81.5%). The most frequent PIM was general-PIM (26 cases) followed by PIM under specific diseases or conditions (7 cases). Out of 77 items contained in the tool, 15 items were detected in study participants. 'Continued use or regular daily use of hypnotics' was the most highly detected item (9 cases) followed by 'multiple prescriptions within each class of hypnotics/sedatives' (5 cases). Among 54 DRPs identified, pharmacist intervened 39 cases (72.2%) and interventions were accepted in 18 cases (46.1%). Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated that newly developed tool is feasible for the nursing home residents. However, further studies with larger population are warranted.