• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.171-174
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• 2005

Three flavonoid compounds - quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol - were analyzed from two commercially available concentrated pomegranate extracts produced in Turkey and Italy, respectively. The samples were freeze-dried and hydrolyzed by 0.4 M hydrochloric acid in 50% ethanol at $80^{\circ}C$. HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) with DAD (diode array detection) at a wavelength of 260 nm was used for the detection of the three flavonoids. The detection limits of the three compounds were in hundreds of picograms and the signal-to-noise ratio ranged from 4 to 5: quercetin: >308 pg, s/n=4.0; luteolin: >262 pg, s/n=4.5; kaempferol: >688 pg, s/n=5.0. Quercetin, but not luteolin and kaempferol, was detected in the both pomegranate extracts. The concentrations of quercetin were $49.7\;{\mu}g/g$ and $27.7\;{\mu}g/g$ in the two pomegranate extracts made in Turkey and Italy, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.644-648
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• 2003

To investigate the feasibility of developing a new ondansetron transdermal system, the effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro permeation of ondansetron hydrochloride (OS) from a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrices across dorsal hairless mouse skin were studied. Vehicles employed in this study consisted of various ratios of propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC)-diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) co-solvents and PGMC-propylene glycol (PG) co-solvents with 3% oleic acid. $Duro-Tak^\circledR$ 87-2100 and $Duro-Tak^\circledR$ 87-2196 were used as PSAs. The concentration of DGME in PGMC-DGME co-solvent system affected the release rate; as the concentration of DGME increased, the release rate decreased. The cumulative release amount of OS increased as the ratio of PSA to drug solution decreased. The permeation flux was also primarily affected by the amount of PSAs; as the amount decreased, the permeation flux increased. The overall fluxes from matrix formulations were significantly lower when compared to those obtained from solution formulations. The ratio of PG to PGMC did not affect permeation flux, while the lag time decreased significantly from $5.14\pm3.31 to 0.31\pm0.12$ h as the PG increased from 40% to 60%.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2005

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was analyzed in various marine organisms of Korea. HCB was detected in all organism samples with residual concentrations from 0.51 to 222 pg/g wet weight. HCB residue was the highest content in crustacean, and followed by bivalves, fish, cephalopods and gastropods. The residues were comparable to or lower than those in marine organisms of other countries. Daily dietary intake of HCB from seafood was estimated to be 13.4 pg/kg body weight/day. The relative contribution of taxonomic group to the total dietary intake of HCB were in the order of crustaceans $(40.1\%)$, bivalves $(34.2\%)$, fish $(23.1\%)$, cephalopods $(2.22\%)$, and gastropods $(0.38\%)$. Daily dietary intake of HCB expressed as toxic equivalent (TEQ) value was estimated to be $1.34\times10^{-3}pg$ TEQ/kg body weight/day. This value did not exceed tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the WHO, the UK toxicity committee and the KFDA. Cancer risk and target hazard quotient (THQ) due to the consumption of the marine organism in Korean adult population were evaluated using the exposure equation of food ingestion. This result suggests that dietary intake of HCB by the consumption of Korean seafood seems to be safe for human health with negligible cancer and non-cancer risks so far.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2006

Bagrid catfish hybrid between Korean bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) and Ussurian bullhead (Leiocassis ussuriensis) was produced by artificial fertilization. Modal chromosome numbers of Korean bullhead, Ussurian bullhead and their hybrid were the same as 2n=52. The karyotypes were 22 metacentric (M), 22 submetacentacentric (SM), and 8 acrocentric (A) chromosomes for Korean bullhead, 22M+14SM+16A for Ussurian bullhead and 22M+18SM+12A for their hybrid. The hybrid bullhead karyotype consisted of each haploid set of parental species chromosomes. Erythrocytic sizes and DNA contents of hybrids were intermediate between two parental species.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2022

Backgrounds/Aims: Early recovery after surgery has become a popular trend. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of nutritional intervention using Encover, an oral nutritional supplement, in patients undergoing hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery. Methods: This single center, prospective case-control study was conducted in Gangnam Severance Hospital from September 2018 to April 2019. Through randomization, patients were divided into an experimental group (30 patients) and a control group (30 patients). At postoperative seven days, the experimental group was instructed to take two packs of Encover (JW Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea) daily for seven days. Body cell mass index was measured at seven days after surgery and 14 days after discharge and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was performed at 14 days after discharge. Results: Body cell mass index during outpatient follow-up was significantly decreased compared to that at discharge in both groups. However, the amount of body cell mass index showed no significant difference between postoperative seven days and outpatient follow-up in either group. During outpatient follow-up, the experimental group had a higher mean value of PG-SGA score than the control group (11.32 ± 3.46 vs. 9.48 ± 3.97; p = 0.037). Conclusions: Short-term Encover doses after surgery may not produce significant results in weight gain or other body cell mass index. Encover did not significantly affect other dietary conditions based on PG-SGA.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2018

The anti-inflammatory (INF) compounds (1-15) were isolated from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (APL) by activity-guided isolation technique. The isolated compounds (1-15) were identified as quercetin-7-O-rhanmoside (1), apigenin-7-O-glycoside (2), kaempferol-7-O-glycoside (3), apigenin-7-O-[6"-(butyl)-glycoside] (4), querceitn (5), kaempferol (6), apigenin (7), apigenin-7-O-[6"-(pentyl)-glycoside] (8), agrimonolide (9), agrimonolide-6-O-glucoside (10), desmethylagrimonolide (11), desmethylagrimonolide-6-O-glucoside (12), luteolin (13), vitexin (14) and isovitexin (15). Flavonoids, compound 2, 3, 11, and 14-15 have been found in APL for the first time. Furthermore, two novel flavone derivatives, compound 4 and 8, have been isolated inceptively in plant. In the no cytotoxicity concentration ranges of $0-20{\mu}M$, nitric oxide (NO) production level of 1-15 was estimated in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. The flavone aglycones, 7 (apigenin, $IC_{50}=3.69{\pm}0.34{\mu}M$), 13 (luteolin, $IC_{50}=4.62{\pm}0.43{\mu}M$), 6 (kaempferol, $IC_{50}=14.43{\pm}0.23{\mu}M$) and 5 (quercetin, $IC_{50}=19.50{\pm}1.71{\mu}M$), exhibited excellent NO inhibitory (NOI) activity in dose-dependent manner. In the structure activity relationship (SAR) study of apigenin-derivatives (APD), apigenin; Api, apigenin-7-O-glucoside; Api-G, apignenin-7-O-[6"-(butyl)-glycoside]; Api-BG and apignenin-7-O-[6"-(pentyl)-glycoside]; Api-P, from APL on INF activity was investigated. The INF mediators level such as NO, INF-cytokines, NF-KB proteins, iNOS and COX-2 were sharply increased in Raw 264.7 cells by LPS. When pretreatment with APD in INF induced macrophages, NOI activity of Api was most effective than other APD with $IC_{50}$ values of $3.69{\pm}0.77{\mu}M$. And the NOI activity was declined in the following order: Api-BG ($IC_{50}=8.91{\pm}1.18{\mu}M$), Api-PG ($IC_{50}=13.52{\pm}0.85{\mu}M$) and API-G ($IC_{50}=17.30{\pm}0.66{\mu}M$). The NOI activity of two novel compounds, Api-PG and Api-BG were lower than their aglycone; Api, but more effective than Api-G (NOI: Api-PG and Api-BG). And their suppression ability on INF cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA showed the similar tendency. Therefore, the anti-INF mechanism study of Api-PG and Api-BG on nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) pathway, representative INF mechanism, was investigated and Api was used as positive control. Api-BF was more effectively prevent the than phosphorylation of $pI{\kappa}B$ kinase (p-IKK) and p65 than Api-PG in Raw 264.7 cells. In contrast, Api-PG and Api-BG were not reduced the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B alpha ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$). Moreover, pretreatment with Api-PG and Api-BG, dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNAs and proteins in macrophage cells, and their expression were correlated with their NOI activity. Therefore, APL can be utilized to health promote agent associated with their AIN metabolites.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 1993

A synthetic route to (+)-isocarbacyclin starting from (-)-tricyclo[3.3.0.0$^{2.8}$]octan-3-one 6 is described. The key intermediate 4 has been synthesized from 6 by a sequential introduction of methoxycarbonyl group at C-12 and the oxygen functionality at C-9${\alpha}$(PG numbering) for the construction of ${\alpha}-and\;{\omega}$-side chain, and then converted to isocarbacyclin methyl ester 2.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.7.1-7.7
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• 2014

The recognition that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) possess potent anti-inflammatory properties in human models has prompted studies investigating their efficacy for animal growth and immunity. This study examined the effect of feeding an n-3 PUFA-enriched diet on growth and immune response of weanling piglets. Newly weaned pigs (averaging $27{\pm}2$ days of age and $8.1{\pm}0.7kg$ of body weight) were assigned randomly to receive a control (3% vegetable oil, n = 20) or n-3 PUFA-supplemented (3% marine n-3 PUFA, n = 20) diet for 28 day after weaning. Female pigs consuming the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet were lighter at week 4 post-weaning than those fed the vegetable oil supplement. Weanling pigs gained more weight, consumed more feed and had better growth to feed ratios between days 14 and 28 than between days 0 and 14 post-weaning. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) decreased between days 0 ($87.2{\pm}17.0ng/mL$) and 14 ($68.3{\pm}21.1ng/mL$) after weaning and then increased again by day 28 ($155.2{\pm}20.9ng/mL$). In piglets consuming the vegetable oil-enriched diet, plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) increased from $37.6{\pm}14.5$ to $102.9{\pm}16.6pg/mL$ between days 0 and 14 post-weaning and remained high through day 28 ($99.0{\pm}17.2pg/mL$). The TNF-${\alpha}$ increase detected in the piglets fed vegetable oil was not observed in the piglets fed n-3 PUFA. Results indicate that weaning induces considerable immune stress in piglets and that this stress can be mitigated by dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.282-289
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• 2017

Objectives: It was aimed to compare the cyclic fatigue resistances of ProGlider (PG), One G (OG), and HyFlex EDM (HEDM) nickel titanium glide path files in single- and double-curved artificial canals. Materials and Methods: 40 PG (16/0.02), 40 OG (14/0.03), and 40 HEDM (10/0.05) single-file glide path files were used in the present study. Sixty files were subjected to cyclic fatigue test by using double-curved canals and 60 files by using single-curved canal (n = 20). The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated and the length of the fractured fragment (FL) was determined by a digital micro-caliper. Twelve pieces of fractured files were examined with scanning electron microscope to determine fracture types of the files (n = 2). The NCF and the FL data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test using SPSS 21 software (p < 0.05). Results: In all of the groups, NCF values were significantly lower in double-curved canals when compared to single-curved canals (p < 0.05). For both of single- and double-curved canals, NCF values of HEDM group in apical and coronal curvatures were found to be significantly higher than NCF values of PG and OG groups (p < 0.05). In both of single- and double-curved canals, NCF value of PG group was found significantly higher than OG group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, HEDM glide path files were found to have the highest cyclic fatigue resistance in both of single- and double-curved canals.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2004

Two compounds from Gomisin N and Gomisin A were isolated from the fruits of Schizandra chinensis Baillon. The highest extraction yield as 21.36% was observed in the ethanol extract, compared to the yield obtained form the water extract. The extraction yields of the single compounds were measured to be 0.13 and 0.014 Gomisin A and Gomisin N, respectively. Approximately, 90% of the growth of human stomach adenocarcinoma cancer cells was inhibited after adding 1.0 g/l of the ethanol extract. The growth of the human normal lung cell was limited to 24% after adding the ethanol extract. The water extract lowered the specific secretion of $TNF-\acute{a}$ and IL-6 from T cells, $10.3{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell\;and\;12.1{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell$, respectively, compared to the ethanol extracts. On the other hand, a treatment with the ethanol extract increased the specific secretion of $TNF-\acute{a}$ and IL-6 from human T cells, to $11{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell\;and\;14.3{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell$, respectively. The crude ethanol extract had the highest effect on the differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells compared to the other extracts and Gomisin A and N. In general, the biological activities of the extracts gradually decreased as the purification process proceeded, which suggests that higher immunostimulatory activities can be maintained by adding the crude extracts of the fruits rather than by adding a single compound.