• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of various concentrations of Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang (HTT) pharmacopuncture on ST25 (天樞) in rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis.Methods Colitis was experimentally induced by feeding rats with water mixed with 5% (w/v) DSS for 20 days. The rats were divided into 5 groups: the normal group (Nor, n=5), the control group - colitis induced rats with no treatment (Con, n=5), the acupuncture group - colitis induced rats with acupuncture applied on ST25 (Acu, n=5), the pharmacopuncture group 1 - colitis induced rats with 0.729 mg/250 g/40 μl of pharmacopuncture applied on ST25 (PA-1, n=5), the pharmacopuncture group 2 - colitis induced rats with 3.645 mg/250 g/40 μl of pharmacopuncture applied on ST25 (PA-2, n=5). The changes in weight, excrement concentration and hemafecia were observed 5 times every 2 days. The colon lengths were measured from appendix to the end of colon after the experiment. Hematological and serological exams were conducted the day after the last treatment by cardiac puncturing anesthetized rats.Results ST25 is the abdominal front point (募穴) of large intestine meridian and is known to have effect in colitis. Various concentrations of HTT pharmacopuncture (HTTP) applied on ST25, in rats with DSS-induced colitis inhibited decrease in colon lengths and body weight in both PA-1 and PA-2 groups. Hematological and serological exam results also showed that HTTP has significant effect on colitis in both PA-1 and PA-2 groups.Conclusions Colon lengths were significantly increased in the acupuncture group, PA-1 group and PA-2 group, compared to the control group. The body weight was significantly increased (p<0.05) in PA-2 group after the first treatment, compared to the control group. TNF-α, IL-6, AST were significantly decreased in PA-1 and PA-2 groups, compared to the control group.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.71-75
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• 2015

Recently, Since buildings are bigger and higher, the damage of human life can be increased by fire flame and smoke in fire. Smoke control system is necessary to decrease this damage. Therefore, Air supply pressurization smoke control system is applied to vestibule of escape stairway. NFSC requires pressure differential of 40 Pa~60 Pa, but pressure differential is over 60 Pa in the field. It is known that the cause of this over pressure differential is much leakage of damper. Over pressure differential can bad effect to escaper by pressurizing the door. Analyze the real leakage of damper by testing for identifying this problems. The result of testing, leakage is $0.090m^3/s{\sim}0.154m^3/s$. It is necessary to limit the leakage of dampers for safe of escapers.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2023

This study was conducted to determine the optimal irrigation starting point by analyzing tree growth, physiological responses, fruit quality, and productivity in peach orchards. Seven-year-old 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' peach trees were used in an experimental field (35°49'30.4"N, 127°01'33.2"E) located within the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science located in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do. The irrigation starting point was set with four levels of -20, -40, -60, and -80 kPa from June to September 2022. While there were no significant differences in increase of trunk cross-section area and leaf area among treatments, shoot length and diameter decreased in the -80 kPa and -20 kPa treatments. The photosynthetic rate measured in August was highest for -60 kPa (17.7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1), followed by -40 kPa (15.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1), -20 kPa (14.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) and -80 kPa (14.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). SPAD value measured in May and August was lower in the -80 kPa and -20 kPa treatments than in the -60 kPa and -40 kPa treatments. The harvest date reached three days earlier in the -20 kPa treatment compared to other treatments. The fruit weight was highest in the -60 kPa (379.1 g), followed by -40 kPa (344.0 g), -80 kPa (321.0 g) and -20 kPa (274.9 g). Firmness was the lowest in the -20 kPa treatment. The soluble solid content was highest in the -60 kPa treatment (13.3°Bx).The ratio of marketable fruits was highest in the -60 kPa treatment (50.7%) and lowest in the -80 kPa treatment (23.4%). In conclusion, we suggest that setting the irrigation starting point at -60 kPa could improve the fruit quality and yield in peach orchards.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.393-401
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• 2003

Objective: Pullulan derivatives (PD) can be used to make self-assembled hydrogel nanoparticles which are responsive to ionic strength. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of PD as a retaining carrier of radioisotope inside tumors. Materials and Methods: Four types of PD were evaluated which included pullulan acetate (PA), succinylated PA (SPA), PA-DTPA and SPA-DTPA conjugates. They were radiolabeled with Tc-99m. Labelling efficiencies were determined at 30 min, 1, 2, 4 and 12 hours after radiolabeling. CT-25 colon cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into Balb/c mice. After 2 weeks of subcutaneous injection, Tc-99m-labelled PD (Tc-99m-PD) were injected into the tumors. Whole body images of mice were obtained at 30 min, 1, 2, and 12 hr after intratumoral injection. All twenty mice were grouped into four groups by largest diameter; control A (largest diameter = 5 mm, n = 5), control B (largest diameter = 10 mm, n = 5), pullulan A (largest diameter = 5 mm, n = 5), pllulan B (largest diameter = 10 mm, n = 5). Dynamic images were obtained for 1 hour after intratumoral injection. Static images were obtained at 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr and 4 hr after intratumoral injection with Tc-99m pertechnetate and Tc-99m-PA. Target-to-background ratios and retention rates were calculated. Results: Labeling efficiencies of PA, SPA, PA-DTPA and SPA-DTPA were $94.5{\pm}5.9%,\;97.8{\pm}3.5%\;94.2{\pm}3.8%,\;and\;92.5{\pm}6.2%$, respectively (p>0.05). Percent retention rates (%RR) of PA and PA-DTPA were significantly higher than those of control, however, those of SP-DTPA and SPA became similar to control at 4 and 12 hr, respectively. %RR of pullulan A and pullulan B at 1, 4 and 8 hr is significantly higher than that of control (p < 0.05). However, %RR between pullulan A and pullulan B were similar. Conclusion: The lonic strength dependent PD-nanoparticles are retained in the tumor. No difference of %RR according to tumor size was noted. Therapeutic application of PD labelled with beta- or alpha- emitting radionuclides can be expected.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.280-285
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• 2015

A fully integrated high-efficiency linear CMOS power amplifier (PA) is developed for 802.11n WLAN applications using the 65-nm standard CMOS technology. The transformer topology is investigated to obtain a high-efficiency and high-linearity performance. By adopting a 2:2 output transformer, an optimum impedance is provided to the PA core. Besides, a LC harmonic control block is added to reduce the AM-to-AM/AM-to-PM distortions. The CMOS PA produces a saturated power of 26.1 dBm with a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 38.2%. The PA is tested using an 802.11n signal, and it satisfies the stringent error vector magnitude (EVM) and mask requirements. It achieves -28-dB EVM at an output power of 18.6 dBm with a PAE of 14.7%.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.331-345
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Saenggantanggami-bang (SG) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods : HepG2 cells were used in an in vitro model. HepG2 cells were divided into three groups. The Normal group was incubated with no fatty acid. The Control group was incubated with 1mM palmitic acid to introduce fat overloading. The PA-SG group was incubated with 1mM palmitic acid and various concentrations of Saenggantanggami-bang (SG). Cell viability and cytotoxicity were analyzed by MTT assay and LDH assay. Intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, ATP amount, and GST activity were measured. Cell death pattern and protective effect of SG on cell death were studied by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 intensity (western blot). Results : Compared with the Control group, cell viability of the PA-SG group significantly increased (P<0.01), cytotoxicity of the PA-SG group decreased (P<0.01), and intracellular TG levels and ROS levels of the PA-SG group decreased (P<0.05). In DNA fragmentation assay, necrotic pattern was observed and DNA fragment decreased in the PA-SG group. In western blot, apoptotic pattern was observed, caspase-3 intensity of the PA-SG group was reduced significantly, but there were no significant differences in intracellular ATP amount and GST activity between the control group and the PA-SG group. Conclusion : The results suggest that Saenggantanggami-bang can be a potential candidate for the clinical treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.598-603
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• 2012

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Polygoni avicularis Herba Herbal-acupuncture( PaH-HA) at KI10(Umgok) on nephritis induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in rats. Methods : Rats were allocated into normal, control, and 3 experimental groups. The rats in the control group were intra-peritoneally injected with LPS for nephritis induction. The rats in the groups of experiment 1, experiment 2, and experiment 3 were treated with single needle prick, saline injection, and PaH-HA, respectively at KI10 three times for a week and then injected with LPS. To evaluate the effects of PaH-HA at HI10, WBC count in blood, serum CINC-1, renal TNF-${\alpha}$ and renal MPO were measured. Results : Needle prick at KI10 suppressed the increase of WBC in blood and CINC-1 in serum of LPS-stimulated rats. Saline injection at KI10 suppressed the increase of WBC in blood. PaH-HA at KI10 suppressed the increase of WBC in blood, CINC-1 in serum, and MPO in kidney of LPS-stimulated rats. Conclusions : PaH-HA at KI10 has an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced nephritis in rats and there may be a synergism between KI10(Umgok) stimulation and PaH-HA Solution.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of grapephyun with different levels of starch, gelatin and agar. The results from this study are as follow. \circled1 Composition of the grapejuce was moisture 82.57g, reducing sugar 10.19g, sweetness 16 $^{\circ}$Brix, pectin 0.89g. \circled2 pH of gyapephyun content by 8 samples showed PA1(3.69), PA2(3.68), PA3(3.67), PG1(3.76), PG2(3.83), and PG3(3.80). \circled3 In the sensory evaluation conducted by panelists showed that there were significant differences among 8 samples. PA3, RG3 samples showed more significant among 8 samples in color, texture, appearance soureness sweetness and notable preference for PA3, PG3 and PA2, PG3 over PA1, PG1 and control.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.66-71
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to assess the criteria on a floor hinge and door closer for the optimum design of the access door of a smoke control room. The door opening force due to differential pressure is 60.75 N, 40.5 N, 32.91 N and 12.66 N when the differential pressure is 60 Pa, 40 Pa, 32.5 Pa and 12.5 Pa, respectively. The door opening force of the floor hinge and door closer to which the criteria of KS F 2806 are applied is 27.5 N, 40 N, 75 N, 100 N and 125 N for the Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 class floor hinges and door closers, respectively. This study compared the differential pressure and opening force limits of floor hinges and door closers with the values specified in NFSC 501A and found that they exceeded the criteria specified in NFSC 501A. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the differential pressure and smoke control wind speeds as well as the opening forces specified in NFSC 501A on the design of floor hinges and door closers. The installation conditions of floor hinges and door closers of access doors differ depending on the type and name of a smoke control damper. This study found that Nos. 1, 2 and 3 floor hinges and door closers could be installed for access doors with low differential pressure and that Nos. 1 and 2 floor hinges and door closers could be installed for access doors with normal differential pressure.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.49-63
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• 2016

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effects of Jodeungsan pharmacopuncture(PA-J) of focal brain ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) in rats. Methods : The subjects were divided into 4 groups : control, acupuncture, pharmacopuncture PA-J1(11.43 mg / 250 g / $40{\mu}{\ell}$) and pharmacopuncture PA-J2(2.29 mg / 250 g / $40{\mu}{\ell}$). The focal brain ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into the middle cerebral artery. After 3 days of MCAO, Jodeungsan pharmacopuncture treatment was performed on the GB20, and the day after being treated with pharmacopuncture, the Morris water maze test was carried out on the assigned group. The series of processes were administered 6 times. Thereafter mGluR5, density of neuronal cell and ChAT were measured. Results : The results were as follows. 1. The distance to target significantly decreased in the 2nd trial of the Acu group on the water maze test for short-term memory. 2. The distance to target significantly decreased in the 4th trial of the PA-J2 group on the water maze test for long-term memory. 3. The intensity of mGluR5 significantly increased in the PA-J1 group compared with the control group. 4. The neuroprotective effect on the hippocampal CA1 significantly increased in the PA-J1 and PA-J2 groups compared with the control group. 5. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 significantly increased in the PA-J1 and PA-J2 groups compared with the control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Jodeungsan pharmacopuncture may improve memory and cognitive impairment and also have neuroprotective effects on focal brain ischemia.