• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dosimetric characteristics of Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLD) for dosimetry Materials and Methods: InLight/OSL $NanoDot^{TM}$ dosimeters was used including $Inlight^{TM}MicroStar$ Reader, Solid Water Phantom, and Linear accelerator ($TRYLOGY^{(R)}$) OSLDs were placed at a Dmax in a solid water phantom and were irradiated with 100 cGy of 6 MV X-rays. Most irradiations were carried out using an SSD set up 100 cm, $10{\times}10\;cm^2$ field and 300 MU/min. The time dependence were measured at 10 minute intervals. The dose dependence were measured from 50 cGy to 600 cGy. The energy dependence was measured for nominal photon beam energies of 6, 15 MV and electron beam energies of 4-20 MeV. The dose rate dependence were also measured for dose rates of 100-1,000 MU/min. Finally, the PDD was measured by OSLDs and Ion-chamber. Results: The reproducibility of OSLD according to the Time flow was evaluated within ${\pm}2.5%$. The result of Linearity of OSLD, the dose was increased linearly up to about the 300 cGy and increased supralinearly above the 300 cGy. Energy and dose rate dependence of the response of OSL detectors were evaluated within ${\pm}2%$ and ${\pm}3%$. $PDD_{10}$ and PDD20 which were measured by OSLD was 66.7%, 38.4% and $PDD_{10}$ and $PDD_{20}$ which were measured by Ion-chamber was 66.6%, 38.3% Conclusion: As a result of analyzing characteration of OSLD, OSLD was evaluated within ${\pm}3%$ according to the change of the time, enregy and dose rate. The $PDD_{10}$ and $PDD_{20}$ are measured by OSLD and ion-chamber were evaluated within 0.3%. The OSL response is linear with a dose in the range 50~300 cGy. It was possible to repeat measurement many times and progress of the measurement of reading is easy. So the stability of the system and linear dose response relationship make it a good for dosimetry.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-50
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• 2001

This research have been made to define how the IADL (Instrumental Activity of Daily Living) performance and the subjective health index of the Aged are affected by their residential circumstance, gender and age, and how deeply these two factors are related and interact. For the period of June 1 to July 31, 2000, we had conducted a questionnaire and direct interview with 693 persons over age sixty-five (65) in Daejon and in other adjacent area, grouping into three different residential types The Aged living at home, The Aged living at welfare facilities and The Aged living alone, and studied on how the IADL performance and the subjective health index of the Aged are influenced and interact as per their characteristics, daily activity and mentality. We had analyzed all the data obtained through this research by the method of : - analysis of frequency as per specific factors by SPSS 1O.0/PC+, - $x^2$ test, - t-test, - ANOVA, - multiple regression analysis by factors. The research concludes followings : a. It appears that the three (3) factors such as gender, age and residential circumstance of the Aged deeply affect the IADL performance and subjective health index of the Aged. (p<0.01) b. With regard to IADL performance of the Aged by the gender, it was analyzed that the female-Aged gains 23.8 point on average, which shows the performance of the female-Aged is less independent. (p<0.01). In addition, it was also found that the IADL performance is becoming less and less independent following their age increasing. In analyzing IADL performance by the residential type, it appears that the Aged living at welfare facilities gains the lowest 21.5 points and is least independent. It was also found that the Aged living at welfare facilities need some assistances from others for their performing IADL. (20-24 point) (p<0.001) c. With regard to the subjective health index of the all-Aged participated in this research, the analysis indicates 8.8 point and this is considered as a point of general standard (7-10 point). In analyzing this index by the gender, the female-Aged gains only 8.6 point which explains a lot of female-Aged consider they are not really healthy. (p<0.001) In analyzing this index by the residential type, the Aged living at welfare facilities and the Aged living alone gain the comparatively lower point, - respectively 8.4 point for the Aged living at welfare facilities and 8.8 point for the Aged living alone. The Aged living at these two residential types express they are obviously in a bad situation of health. (p<0.001) d. With regard to the factors affecting the IADL performance and the subjective health index of the Aged, it was analyzed that the IADL performance can largely be affected by the factors such as depression, frequency of going-out and age rising, and that the subject health index can also deeply be affected by depression, pain and by how much they are satisfied with their current living conditions. e. It was analyzed that the interacting between the IADL performance and the subjective health index is not that strong but even weak. As a result, we were able to conclude that the IADL performance is less independent in case of the female-Aged, the Aged living at welfare facilities, and following the age rising. As for the subjective health state the Aged themselves are aware of, we concluded that the female-Aged, the Aged living at welfare facilities and the Aged living alone, are more critical about their health. From this research, we were able to realize that, when the OMT (Orthopedic Manual Therapy) needed, the physical therapists are really required to have a correct and cautious understanding of the situation in which the aged persons are, and take care of them with more concerns and more improved treatment.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.208-216
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• 2010

Lab scale experiments were conducted in order to assess the applicability of $CaCO_{3}$-alginate beads as neutralizer for the high cell density cultivation and prepare the direct vat inoculation cultures of isolated sourdough lactic acid bacteria. With increasing the amount of bead and decreasing the diameter of bead in acidic solution, the neutralizing effect of $CaCO_{3}$-alginate bead became higher. In batch process with $CaCO_{3}$-alginate beads, Lactobacillus amylovorus DU-21 isolated from sourdough showed the highest viable cell counts and optical density in MRS broth. The values of viable cell counts and optical density were 9.996 log CFU/mL and 3.97, respectively. Experiments on the conditions which increase viability during lyophilization were carried out and the following results were obtained; 15% glycerol revealed the high cryoprotective effect on the concentrated cultures during lyophilization among the two cryoprotective agents. Consequently, $CaCO_{3}$-alginate beads and 15% glycerol were found to be useful not only to cultivate Lactobacillus amylovorus DU-21 but also to preserve strain.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1075-1083
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• 2015

Adipose tissue deposited within muscle fibers, known as intramuscular fat (IMF or marbling), is a major determinant of meat quality and thereby affects its economic value. The biological mechanisms that determine IMF content are therefore of interest. In this study, 48 genes involved in the bovine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, which is involved in lipid metabolism, were investigated to identify candidate genes associated with IMF in the longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo (Korean cattle). Ten genes, retinoid X receptor alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), phospholipid transfer protein, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3, fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase long chain (ACADL), acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 2 branched chain, and fatty acid binding protein 4, showed significant effects with regard to IMF and were differentially expressed between the low- and high-marbled groups (p<0.05). Analysis of the gene co-expression network based on Pearson's correlation coefficients identified 10 up-regulated genes in the high-marbled group that formed a major cluster. Among these genes, the PPARG-FABP4 gene pair exhibited the strongest correlation in the network. Glycerol kinase was found to play a role in mediating activation of the differentially expressed genes. We categorized the 10 significantly differentially expressed genes into the corresponding downstream pathways and investigated the direct interactive relationships among these genes. We suggest that fatty acid oxidation is the major downstream pathway affecting IMF content. The PPARG/RXRA complex triggers activation of target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation resulting in increased triglyceride formation by ATP production. Our findings highlight candidate genes associated with the IMF content of the loin muscle of Korean cattle and provide insight into the biological mechanisms that determine adipose deposition within muscle.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 2014

We prepared nanoparticles containing insoluble celecoxib by the method of solid dispersions using a spray dryer to improve solubility of celecoxib. We used PVP K30 and Eudragit EPO as water-soluble carriers for the solid dispersion, and poloxamer 407 as a surfactant. Characterization of celecoxib solid dispersion was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of SEM, DSC and XRD demonstrated that celecoxib is amorphous in solid dispersion. The dissolution rate measured in intestinal juice showed that the method of solid dispersion improved celecoxib solubility as compared with a conventional drug (Celebres$^{(R)}$). In conclusion, solid dispersion formulation prepared by a spray dryer would improve the solubility of celecoxib in oral administration.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.112-128
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• 2003

Since areas of pain and dysfunction of musculoskeletal typically suffered by the patients with back disorders spread all over the body, WBIP(GCM Program) for the primary treatment and management is required. The purpose of this study is to analyze if WBIP(GCM Program) based on the hyper/hypomobility pattern of Four Body Types can identify the effective treatment of back disorders and the effect on the postural balanced restoration of the spine and extremities. Non-specific back disorder is still a major reason for sick leave. And moreover, its been reported that there was often recurrence to the patients whose symptom had been diminished. As a WBIP(GCM Program) based on kinematic chain patterns of Four Body Types, this study gave a new information on the effective diagnosis, treatment and management of non-specific back disorders. 337 patients above the twenty-five years old with the non-specific back disorders at the hospital and oriental medical clinics at Kyungnam and Busan areas in South Korea from August 24th, 2000 to Feb 23rd, 2001 have randomly been assigned to four experimental groups such as Whole Body Intervention Program Group, Physical Therapy Group like modality treatments, Acupuncture-Treatment Group, and Placebo Control Group. According to intervention program applied to the each four group for three times per week(twelve times per 4weeks), as the time-series methods, we compared and evaluated the body status of the pretest with that of post treatment completion of four week, three month, and six month, respectively. As the analytical method of measurement, our researchers used the Moire Interferometry Unit and Postural Kit that could measure the postural balance of spine and extremities. The collection of data was performed in the designated hospital and oriental medical clinics. For the analysis of the data, the SPSS 10.0 package program was used. X2-test has been taken in order to compare and analyze characteristics and GPES of the patients in four experimental groups. Repeated Measure ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test has been adopted in order to compare the effects of the balanced restoration of the spine and extremities among four Groups categorized for this study. Statistical significance was accepted at the 0.05 level of confidence The effect of the balanced restoration on the spine and extremities of the patients with non-specific back disorders has been proved in all of the Groups. As for the restoration degree, however, WBIP(GCM Program) Group produced the highest effectiveness in terms of the fact that it had a dense moire in comparison with the other three Groups and that the Moires of both sides had the same level by the time(p<0.01). WBIP(GCM Program) based on four tilting types of scapular and ilium and hyper/hypomobility pattern took a higher effect on the balanced restoration of the spine and extremities through a whole body as well as the treatment of back disorders than the other three Groups which the usual remedy without classification of body type had been applied to.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.5019-5024
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the dosimetric and clinical feasibility of volumetric modulated arc based hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (RapidArc) treatment for large acoustic schwannoma (AS >10cc). Materials and Methods: Ten AS patients were immobilized using BrainLab mask. They were subject to multimodality imaging (magnetic resonance and computed tomography) to contour target and organs at risk (brainstem and cochlea). Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) based stereotactic plans were optimized in Eclipse (V11) treatment planning system (TPS) using progressive resolution optimizer-III and final dose calculations were performed using analytical anisotropic algorithm with 1.5 mm grid resolution. All AS presented in this study were treated with VMAT based HSRT to a total dose of 25Gy in 5 fractions (5fractions/week). VMAT plan contains 2-4 non-coplanar arcs. Treatment planning was performed to achieve at least 99% of PTV volume (D99) receives 100% of prescription dose (25Gy), while dose to OAR's were kept below the tolerance limits. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) were analyzed to assess plan quality. Treatments were delivered using upgraded 6 MV un-flattened photon beam (FFF) from Clinac-iX machine. Extensive pretreatment quality assurance measurements were carried out to report on quality of delivery. Point dosimetry was performed using three different detectors, which includes CC13 ion-chamber, Exradin A14 ion-chamber and Exradin W1 plastic scintillator detector (PSD) which have measuring volume of $0.13cm^3$, $0.009cm^3$ and $0.002cm^3$ respectively. Results: Average PTV volume of AS was 11.3cc (${\pm}4.8$), and located in eloquent areas. VMAT plans provided complete PTV coverage with average conformity index of 1.06 (${\pm}0.05$). OAR's dose were kept below tolerance limit recommend by American Association of Physicist in Medicine task group-101(brainstem $V_{0.5cc}$ < 23Gy, cochlea maximum < 25Gy and Optic pathway <25Gy). PSD resulted in superior dosimetric accuracy compared with other two detectors (p=0.021 for PSD.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.805-813
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• 2004

Our educational system clearly places much greater value on left hemisphere learning. Students who process information in other ways are at a serious disadvantage and may not be learning efficiently. Since mind mapping emphasizing visual and spatial language, it helps students to use the whole brain and promotes more effective comprehension. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of the instruction using mind map on the science achievement of students. A pretest-posttest control group design was employed. Subjects were 153 male and female, first grade students in a middle school. A control group of 83 was instructed with a traditional teaching method, and an experimental group of 70 was instructed by using a mind mapping strategy. Two groups were treated for 50 hours during 17 weeks. Tolerance's 'Style Of Learning And Thinking(SOLAT)' was used to assess students' lateralization preferences. A 30-item multiple choice posttest was used to assess students' achievement. To analyze the data, we used an analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) and i-tests. It was found that 21.6% of students was left brain dominant, 31.4%, right brain dominant and 47.1 % was integrated style. There was no gender difference in hemispheric dominance. Significant differences existed between the test scores when they were taught by using a mind map. Mind mapping turned out to be a valuable learning technique for the right brain students, helping them to achieve the same level of subject mastery as left brain students. There was a significant difference between males and females in relation to mind map application. Female scored significantly higher than males.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.384-390
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• 2011

Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) alloy has been widely used as an alternative to bone due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, it still has many problems, including a high elastic modulus and toxicity. Therefore, nontoxic biomaterials with a low elastic modulus should be developed. However, the fabrication of a uniform coating is challenging. Moreover, the coating layer on Ti and Ti alloy substrates can be peeled off after implantation. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to produce bulk Ti and Ti alloy with hydroxyapatite (HA) composites. In this study, Ti, Nb, and Zr powders, which are biocompatible elements, were milled in a mixing machine (24h) and by planetary mechanical ball milling (1h, 4h, and 6h), respectively. Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr and Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr-10%HA composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at $1000^{\circ}C$ under 70MPa using mixed and milled powders. The effects of HA addition and milling time on the biocompatibility and physical and mechanical properties of the Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr-(10%HA) alloys have been investigated. $Ti_2O$, CaO, $CaTiO_3$, and $Ti_xP_y$ phases were formed by chemical reaction during sintering. Vickers hardness of the sintered composites increases with increased milling time and by the addition of HA. The biocompatibilty of the HA added Ti-Nb-Zr alloys was improved, but the sintering ability was decreased.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2023

Purpose: CT scan makes up for the weak point of the nuclear medicine image having a low resolution and also were used for attenuation correction on image reconstruction. Recently, many studies try to make use of CT images additionally, one of them is to measure the bone mineral density(BMD) using Quantitative CT(QCT) software. BMD exams are performed to scan lumbar and femur with DXA(Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) in order to diagnose bone disease such as osteopenia, osteoporosis. The purpose of this study is to identify the usefulness of QCT_BMD analyzed with low dose CT images on L-spine Bone SPECT/CT comparing with DXA_BMD. Materials and Methods: Fifty five women over 50 years old (mean 66.4 ± 9.1) who took the both examinations(L-spine Bone SPECT/CT with SIEMENS Intevo 16 and DXA scan with GE Lunar prodigy advance) within 90 days from April 2017 to July 2022, BMD, T-score and disease classification were analyzed. Three-dimensional BMD was analyzed with low dose CT images acquired on L-spine Bone SPECT/CT scan on Mindways QCT PRO^TM software and two-dimensional BMD was analyzed on DXA scan. Basically, Lumbar 1-4 were analyzed and the patients who has lesion or spine implants on L-spine were excluded for this study. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed in BMD and T-score, chi-square test was performed in disease classification between QCT and DXA. Results: On 55 patients, the minimum of QCT_BMD was 18.10, maximum was 166.50, average was 82.71 ± 31.5 mg/cm³. And the minimum of DXA-BMD was 0.540, maximum was 1.302, average was 0.902 ± 0.201 g/cm², respectively. The result shows a strong statistical correlation between QCT_BMD and DXA_BMD(p<0.001, r=0.76). The minimum of QCT_T-score was -5.7, maximum was -0.1, average was -3.2 ± 1.3 and the minimum of DXA_T-score was -5.0, maximum was 1.7, average was -2.0 ± 1.3, respectively. The result shows a statistical correlation between QCT T-score and DXA T-score (p<0.001, r=0.66). On the disease classification, normal was 5, osteopenia was 25, osteoporosis was 25 in QCT and normal was 10, osteopenia was 25, osteoporosis was 20 in DXA. There was under-estimation of bone decrease relatively on DXA than QCT, but there was no significant differences statistically by chi-square test between QCT and DXA. Conclusion: Through this study, we could identify that the QCT measurement with low dose CT images QCT from L-Spine Bone SPECT/CT was reliable because of a strong statistical correlation between QCT_BMD and DXA_BMD. Bone SPECT/CT scan can provide three-dimensional information also BMD measurement with CT images. In the future, rather than various exams such as CT, BMD, Bone scan are performed, it will be possible to provide multipurpose information via only SPECT/CT scan. In addition, it will be very helpful clinically in the sense that we can provide a diagnosis of potential osteoporosis, especially in middle-aged patients.